1、Designation: E620 11E620 18Standard Practice forReporting Opinions of Scientific or Technical Experts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E620; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the scope of information to be contained in formal written technical reports which express the opinionsof th
3、e scientific or technical expert with respect to the study of items that are or may reasonably be expected to be the subject ofcriminal or civil litigation.1.2 If compliance with this standardpractice is claimed, the justifications for any deviations from this standardpractice must bedocumented.1.3
4、This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address allof the safety concerns concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses the user of this standardto consult and establish appropriate safety safet
5、y, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of
6、 International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E678 Practice for Evaluation of Scientific or Technical DataE2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results and Use
7、of the Term Measurement Uncertainty in ASTM Test Methods3. Significance and Use3.1 This practice establishes those elements of the expertsexperts opinion report which will make the report understandableto the intended recipient and focus on the technical aspects germane to the purpose for which the
8、opinion is rendered.4. Report Content4.1 All of the pertinent observations, calculations and testing results shall be reported accurately, clearly, unambiguously andobjectively, and in accordance with any specific instructions in the method(s). The method(s) utilized shall be identified (includingve
9、rsion and date when applicable) in such a manner as to allow critical review or replication by another party.4.2 Interpretations, conclusions and opinions shall be clearly marked as such in the report (see 4.8).4.3 The observations, test results, interpretations (if applicable), or conclusions (if a
10、pplicable), shall be reported and shallinclude all information necessary for an opinion to be issued by a qualified individual.4.4 Report authors may adopt one of the following means of meeting the requirements of 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3:4.4.1 Preparation of a report that includes all of the available per
11、tinent information listed in this practice; or4.4.2 Preparation of an appendix to the report that includes any additional available pertinent information required by thispractice not included in the body of the report; or4.4.3 Preparation of supporting records relating to the specific investigation
12、that contain all of the available pertinentinformation listed in this practice. The information shall be retained and be available.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11 on InterdisciplinaryForensic
13、 Science Standards.Current edition approved May 1, 2011April 1, 2018. Published June 2011April 2018. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20042011 asE620 04.E620 11. DOI: 10.1520/E0620-11.10.1520/E0620-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org,
14、or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what ch
15、anges have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the off
16、icial document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.5 Available and pertinent facts and data should be evaluated in accordance with Practice E678.4.6 Preliminary information provided shall be clearly marked as such.4.7 Wh
17、ile this standardpractice does not specify report format, format (see 4.9, Formats), the following information shall beincluded:included in the report unless the authoring organization or individual has a valid reason for not doing so, and states thatreason in the report:4.7.1 A title (for example,
18、Test Report” or “Report of Opinion”).4.7.2 AnDescriptive Information identifier The following information shall be contained within the report, preferably in theintroduction:that uniquely identifies the report:4.7.2.1 This identifier shall be placed on each page of the report to ensure that each pa
19、ge is recognized as a part of the report.4.7.3 Identifying number and date the report was prepared,The organization, name and address of each person or organization,or both, requesting the work/report (that is, the customer).4.7.4 The scope of the assignment addressed in the report (for example, “Dr
20、ug Analysis,” “Fire Investigation,” “IncidentEvaluation”).4.7.5 Name, address, and affiliationThe organization, name, and address of each person who has rendered an opinion orconclusion contained in the report,report.4.7.6 Name of the person or organization, or both, requesting the report,The organi
21、zation, name(s), function(s), and signature(s)of the author including the date the report was signed.4.7.7 A clear identification of the end of the report.4.7.8 The name and address of the organization where the tests were performed.4.7.8.1 If tests were performed outside of the authoring organizati
22、on, the name, address, and date(s) the test(s) were performed,when necessary for interpretation of the findings, shall either be in the report or retained and available as supporting recordsaccording to 4.4.3.4.7.9 The test results with, where appropriate, the units of measurement.4.7.10 Generic des
23、cription An unambiguous descriptive identification of the item(s) examined together with specific data touniquely identify the item(s) such as a serial number, marking, or some other means of adequately identifying the item(s)examined,sampled, examined, or tested.4.7.10.1 Pertinent additional inform
24、ation, such as the condition of the item(s), the date received, identification markings suchas a serial number, manufacturer name, model, or other type of designation, such as the unique case and sample number, etc., maybe appropriate.NOTE 1Where the item to be examined is submitted by one party (fo
25、r example, field technician) to a second party for examination or testing (forexample., analytical laboratory), the receiving party shall employ an effective method to correlate the unique identifier of each item between the submitterand receiver.4.7.11 Date and location of examination,As applicable
26、 identification of the sampling plan and methods used.4.7.12 The scope of investigative activities performed in preparation for reaching conclusions interpretations, conclusions, andopinions.4.7.13 All facts that are pertinent (that is, necessary for the interpretation of the test results) to the r
27、esults or opinion renderedshall be reported in accordance with the classifications set forth below:4.7.13.1 Identify those facts and data based on observations of the item(s) in question or photographs thereof.4.7.13.2 Identify other facts and data relied upon in rendering an opinion.4.7.13.3 Pertin
28、ent facts that may be critical to the validity or appropriate interpretation of the results may include:(1) Date of sampling or sample collection.(2) Details of environmental conditions during sampling or sample collection that might affect the interpretation of the results.(3) Location of sampling,
29、 including any diagrams, sketches or photographs.(4) Any standard or other specification for the sampling method or analytical procedure, and any deviations, additions to orexclusions therefrom.(5) Date of receipt of the test item(s).(6) Date(s) of performance of the tests or observations. For evalu
30、ations that require multiple or sequential steps include the startand end dates.(7) Reference(s) to the sampling plan and procedures used by the laboratory or other bodies.(8) Where relevant, a statement to the effect that the results relate only to the items examined.4.7.14 In addition to the requi
31、rements identified in 4.7.1 through 4.7.13, where necessary for the interpretation of the results,the report shall include:4.7.14.1 Statement(s) on deviations, additions, or exclusions from the test method, and information on the specific testconditions (such as environmental conditions).4.7.14.2 St
32、atement(s) of compliance or non-compliance with referenced requirements and specifications.4.7.14.3 Statement(s) on the estimated uncertainty of measurement.E620 182(1) Information on uncertainty is needed in reports when it is relevant to the validity or application of the test results, whena custo
33、mers instructions so requires, or when the uncertainty affects compliance of a specification limit.NOTE 2Sources contributing to the uncertainty include, but are not necessarily limited to, the reference standards and reference materials used,methods and equipment used, environmental conditions, pro
34、perties and condition of the item being tested or calibrated, and the operator. Detaileddiscussion of uncertainty of measurement is beyond the scope of this practice. In addition to the Guide E2655, the user is encouraged to consider thefollowing resources:EURACHEM/CITAC: Guide Quantifying Uncertain
35、ty in Analytical Measurement (2012);3EURACHEM/CITAC: Guide Measurement Uncertainty Arising from Sampling: A Guide to Methods and Approaches (2007);3ISO/TS 21748, Guidance for the Use of Repeatability, Reproducibility and Trueness Estimates in Measurement Uncertainty Estimation (2004);4Joint Committe
36、e for Guides in Metrology (JCGM): Evaluation of Data Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) (2008);4JCGM: Evaluation of Data Supplement 1 to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement Propagation of Distributions Using aMonte Carlo Method (2008);4NIST 1297, Guidel
37、ines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results (1994);5SWGDRUG, Measurement Uncertainty for Weight Determination in Seized Drug Analysis SD-3 (2011);6 andASTM E3016-15 Standard Guide for Establishing Confidence in Digital Forensic Results by Error Mitigation Analysis.
38、24.7.14.4 Additional information that might be required by specific methods, customers, or groups of customers.4.2 Pertinent Facts:4.2.1 The report shall contain all facts that are pertinent to the opinion rendered and shall be reported in accordance with theclassifications set forth in 4.2.1.1 and
39、4.2.1.2.4.2.1.1 Identify those facts and data based on the observations by the expert of the item(s) in question or photographs thereof.4.2.1.2 Identify other facts and data that the expert relies upon in rendering an opinion.4.2.2 Whenever pertinent findings of fact are established through examinat
40、ion or testing, the person(s) rendering the opinionbased on such findings shall have either supervised, conducted, participated in or observed such examination or testing, and failingto do any one of them shall list the name and business address of each person who supervised or conducted each examin
41、ation ortest establishing such findings of fact.4.2.3 Evaluate facts and data according to Practice E678.4.3 Opinions and Conclusions:4.3.1 The report shall contain all of the technical opinions and conclusions rendered by the expert concerning the purpose forwhich the expert was engaged.4.3.2 The r
42、eport shall contain the logic and reasoning of the expert by which each of the opinions and conclusions were reached.4.8 Signature:Interpretations, Conclusions, and Opinions:4.8.1 The report shall contain the interpretations, conclusions, or opinions rendered by the signatory(ies).4.8.2 The report s
43、hall contain the signature of each person who has rendered a joint or separate opinion contained in the report.The signature(s) shall be at the end of the opinion. A professional seal should be used, if applicable. If an opinion rendered is thatof two or more experts, a signature page may be used.Do
44、cument the bases upon which interpretations, conclusions, or opinionshave been made.4.8.2.1 If applicable, the significance of any associations made shall be communicated clearly and qualified properly in thereport.4.8.2.2 If comparative examinations result in the elimination of an individual or obj
45、ect, the report shall clearly communicatethe elimination.4.8.2.3 If no definitive conclusions can be reached, the report shall clearly communicate the reason(s).4.8.3 Opinions should be formed, interpretations made or conclusions drawn only after the data have been evaluated (seePractice E678). Inte
46、rpretations, conclusions, or opinions should account for all known relevant data related to the examination andbe consistent with accepted scientific and logical principles and methodologies.4.8.3.1 If all of the known data are not consistent with a proposed interpretation, the report shall attempt
47、to reconcile anydiscrepancies4.8.4 Interpretations, conclusions or opinions expressed may include the following:4.8.4.1 A statement of compliance or noncompliance of the results with relevant specifications;4.8.4.2 Fulfillment of performance requirements;4.8.4.3 Recommendations on how to use the res
48、ults; and4.8.4.4 Guidance to be used for improvements.4.8.5 The report may contain a disclaimer to the effect that it is based on data available at the time of reporting. Additionally,the signatory may reserve the right to amend or supplement the report should new data become available.3 Available f
49、rom Eurachem, Eurachem Secretary, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, CZ 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic,https:/eurachem.org.4 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.5 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.6 Available from Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Dr
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