1、Designation: E648 151E648 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCritical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using aRadiant Heat Energy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of D
3、efense.1 NOTEIn 10.10 the first sentence was editorially changed from “At the beginning of each test day, ignite.” to “Onceper test day, prior to testing, ignite.” in November 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers a procedure for measuring the critical radiant flux of horizontall
4、y mountedfloor-covering systems exposed to a flaming ignition source in a graded radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber. Aspecimen is mounted over underlayment, a simulated concrete structural floor, bonded to a simulated structural floor, or otherwisemounted in a typical and representati
5、ve way.1.2 This fire-test-response standard measures the critical radiant flux at flame-out. It provides a basis for estimating one aspectof fire exposure behavior for floor-covering systems. The imposed radiant flux simulates the thermal radiation levels likely toimpinge on the floors of a building
6、 whose upper surfaces are heated by flames or hot gases, or both, from a fully developed firein an adjacent room or compartment. The standard was developed to simulate an important fire exposure component of fires thatdevelop in corridors or exitways of buildings and is not intended for routine use
7、in estimating flame spread behavior of floorcovering in building areas other than corridors or exitways. See Appendix X1 for information on proper application andinterpretation of experimental results from use of this test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other un
8、its of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes,excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.5 This standard is used to m
9、easure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does
10、 not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given i
11、n Section 7.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Ba
12、rriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcessE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in
13、 a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750CE171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Packaging1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Burning.Current edition approved July 1, 2015Ap
14、ril 1, 2017. Published September 2015May 2017. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 asE648 14c. 151. DOI: 10.1520/E0648-15E01.10.1520/E0648-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
15、or Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may
16、not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the
17、end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E176 Terminology of Fire Standards3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E176 for additional definitions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.
18、1 blackbody temperature, nthe temperature of a perfect radiatora surface with an emissivity of unity and, therefore, areflectivity of zero.3.2.2 corridor, nan enclosed space connecting a room or compartment with an exit. The corridor includes normal extensions,such as lobbies and other enlarged spac
19、es, where present.3.2.3 critical radiant flux, nthe level of incident radiant heat energy on the floor covering system at the most distant flame-outpoint. It is reported as W/cm2 .3.2.4 flame-out, nthe time at which the last vestige of flame or glow disappears from the surface of the test specimen,f
20、requently accompanied by a final puff of smoke.3.2.5 floor covering, nan essentially planar material having a relatively small thickness in comparison to its length or width,which is laid on a floor to enhance the beauty, comfort, and utility of the floor.3.2.6 floor covering system, na single mater
21、ial, composite or assembly comprised of the floor covering and related installationcomponents (adhesive, cushion, etc.), if any.3.2.7 flux profile, nthe curve relating incident radiant heat energy on the specimen plane to distance from the point of initiationof flaming ignition, that is, 0 cm.3.2.8
22、time zero, nthe point in time when the chamber door is closed, which needs to occur within 3 s after the specimen hasbeen moved into the chamber (see 12.4).3.2.9 total flux meter, nthe instrument used to measure the level of radiant heat energy incident on the specimen plane at anypoint.4. Summary o
23、f Test Method4.1 The basic elements of the test chamber are (1) an air-gas fueled radiant heat energy panel inclined at 30 to and directedat (2) a horizontally mounted floor covering system specimen, Fig. 1. The radiant panel generates a radiant energy flux distributionFIG. 1 Flooring Radiant Panel
24、Test Showing Carpet Specimen and Gas Fueled PanelE648 172ranging along the 100-cm length of the test specimen from a nominal maximum of 1.0 W/cm2 to a minimum of 0.1 W/cm2. Thetest is initiated by open-flame ignition from a pilot burner. The distance burned to flame-out is converted to watts per squ
25、arecentimetre from the flux profile graph, Fig. 2, and reported as critical radiant flux, W/cm2.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test response standard is designed to provide a basis for estimating one aspect of the fire exposure behavior of afloor-covering system installed in a building corrido
26、r. The test environment is intended to simulate conditions that have beenobserved and defined in full scale corridor experiments.5.2 The test is intended to be suitable for regulatory statutes, specification acceptance, design purposes, or development andresearch.5.3 The fundamental assumption inher
27、ent in the test is that critical radiant flux is one measure of the sensitivity to flame spreadof floor-covering systems in a building corridor.5.4 The test is applicable to floor-covering system specimens that follow or simulate accepted installation practice. Tests on theindividual elements of a f
28、loor system are of limited value and not valid for evaluation of the flooring system.FIG. 2 Standard Radiant Heat Energy Flux ProfileE648 1735.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or t
29、he end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditionsdescribed in this procedure.6. Flooring Radiant Panel Test Chamber
30、Construction and Instrumentation6.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamber employed for this test shall be located in a draft-protected laboratory.6.1.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamber, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, shall consist of an enclosure 1400 6 10 mm long by 500 610 mm deep by 710 6 10 mm abov
31、e the test specimen. The sides, ends, and top shall be of 13-mm calcium silicate, 0.74 g/cm3nominal density, insulating material with a thermal conductivity at 177C of 0.128 W/(mK). One side shall be provided with anapproximately 100 by 1100-mm draft-tight fire-resistant glass window so the entire l
32、ength of the test specimen will be observablefrom outside the fire test chamber. On the same side and below the observation window is a door that, when open, allows thespecimen platform to be moved out for mounting or removal of test specimens. When required for observation, a draft-tightfire-resist
33、ant window shall be installed at the low flux end of the chamber.6.1.2 The bottom of the test chamber shall consist of a sliding steel platform that has provisions for rigidly securing the testspecimen holder in a fixed and level position. The free, or air access, area around the platform shall be i
34、n the range from 2300to 3225 cm2 .FIG. 3 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Side ElevationE648 1746.1.3 When the rate of flame front advance is to be measured, a metal scale marked with 10-mm intervals shall be installed onthe back of the platform or on the back wall of the chamber.6.1.4 When t
35、he extent of flame travel is to be measured after a prescribed burning period, for example, 15 min, the metal scaledescribed in 6.1.3 shall be used.6.1.5 The top of the chamber shall have an exhaust stack with interior dimensions of 102 6 3 mm wide by 380 6 3 mm deepby 318 6 3 mm high at the opposit
36、e end of the chamber from the radiant energy source.6.2 The radiant heat energy source shall be a panel of porous material mounted in a cast iron or steel frame with a radiationsurface of 305 by 457 mm. It shall be capable of operating at temperatures up to 816C. The panel fuel system shall consist
37、ofa venturi-type aspirator for mixing gas3 and air at approximately atmospheric pressure, a clean, dry air supply capable of providing28.3 NTP m3/h at 76 mm of water, and suitable instrumentation for monitoring and controlling the flow of fuel to the panel.6.2.1 The radiant heat energy panel is moun
38、ted in the chamber at a nominal angle of 30 6 5 to the horizontal specimen plane.The radiant panel shall be adjusted to obtain the flux profile within the limits specified in 10.6. The horizontal distance from the3 Gas used in this test shall be commercial grade propane having a heating value of app
39、roximately 83.1 MJ/m3 , commercial grade methane having a minimum purity of96 %, or natural gas.FIG. 4 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Low Flux End, ElevationE648 1750 mark on the specimen fixture to the bottom edge (projected) of the radiating surface of the panel is 89 6 3 mm. Thepanel-to-
40、specimen vertical distance is 140 6 3 mm (see Fig. 3).6.2.2 The radiation pyrometer for standardizing the thermal output of the panel shall be suitable for viewing a circular area178178-254 mm in diameter at a range of about 1.37 m. It shall be calibrated over the 490 to 510C operating blackbodytemp
41、erature range in accordance with the procedure described in Annex A1.6.2.3 A high impedance or potentiometric voltmeter with a suitable millivolt range shall be used to monitor the output of theradiation pyrometer described in 6.2.2.6.3 The specimen holder (see Fig. 5) shall be constructed from heat
42、-resistant stainless steel (AISI Type 300 (UNA-NO8330)or equivalent) having a thickness of 1.98 mm and an overall dimension of 1140 by 320 mm with a specimen opening of 200 63 mm by 1000 + 15 mm -0 mm. Six slots shall be cut in the flange on either side of the holder to reduce warping. The holder sh
43、allbe fastened to the platform with two stud bolts at each end.6.4 The pilot burner, used to ignite the specimen, is a nominal 6 mm inside diameter, 10 mm outside diameter stainless steeltube line burner having 19 evenly spaced 0.7 mm diameter (#70 drill) holes drilled radially along the centerline,
44、 and 16 evenlyspaced 0.7 mm diameter (#70 drill) holes drilled radially 60 below the centerline (see Fig. 6). In operation, the gas flow is adjustedto 0.085 to 0.100 m3/h (3.0 to 3.5 SCFH) (air scale) flow rate. The pilot burner is positioned no more than 5 from the horizontalso the flame generated
45、will impinge on the specimen at the 0 distance burned point (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). When the burner isnot being applied to the specimen, move it away from the ignition position so it is at least 50 mm away from the specimen.6.4.1 With the gas flow properly adjusted and the pilot burner in the test
46、position, the pilot flame shall extend fromapproximately 63.5 mm at either end to approximately 127 mm at the center.6.4.2 The holes in the pilot burner shall be kept clean. A soft wire brush has been found suitable to remove the surfacecontaminants. Nickel-chromium or stainless steel wire with an o
47、utside diameter of 0.5 mm is suitable for opening the holes.FIG. 5 Dummy Specimen in Specimen Holder (Bottom View)E648 1766.5 A3.2-mm stainless steel sheathed grounded junction Chromel-Alumel thermocouple shall be located in the flooring radiantpanel test chamber (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The chamber
48、 thermocouple is located in the longitudinal central vertical plane of thechamber 25 mm down from the top and 102 mm back from inside the exhaust stack.6.5.1 The thermocouple shall be kept clean to ensure accuracy of readout.6.5.2 An indicating potentiometer with a range from 100 to 500C shall be us
49、ed to determine the chamber temperature priorto a test.6.6 An exhaust duct with a capacity of 28.3 to 85 NTPm3/min decoupled from the chamber stack by at least 76 mm on all sidesand with an effective area of the canopy slightly larger than plane area of the chamber with the specimen platform in the outposition is used to remove combustion products from the chamber.6.6.1 Before igniting the panel, but with the exhaust hood operating and the dummy specimen in place, the air flow rate throughthe stack shall be 76.2 6 15.2 m/min when measured with a h
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