1、Designation: E 653 91 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Method forEffectiveness of Aerosol and Pressurized Space SprayInsecticides Against Flying Insects1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the effectiveness of aerosoland pressurized space-
3、spray insecticides against house flies(Musca domestica L) and, with modifications in dosage, otherflying insects.1.2 The test may be conducted using approximately 100house flies per test (small group) or 500 flies per test (largegroup).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
4、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Document2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 652 Test Method for Nonresidual Liq
5、uid Household In-secticides Against Flying Insects3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 aerosolsfor this test method, the spray from aerosoldispensers should be in finely divided form in which 80 % ormore of the individual spray particles have an arithmetic meandiame
6、ter of 30 m or less, and none of the spray particles havea diameter of more than 50 m. Aerosols shall be no lesseffective than the selected reference standards when testedagainst house flies at the same dosage or less.3.1.2 fly cultureall adults resulting from the seeding ofeggs collected at one tim
7、e on a given date.3.1.3 knocked-down fliesall adult test flies incapable ofcoordinated movement (moribund).3.1.4 pressurized spraysthese products deliver mistsprays intermediate between aerosols and sprays intended todeposit an insecticidal residue. They produce sprays in whichless than 80 % of the
8、particles have an arithmetic meandiameter of 30 m and many are 50 m to 100 m in meandiameter. Pressurized sprays shall be no less effective than theselected reference standards when tested against house flies atno more than twice the dosage specified for the selectedreference standard.4. Summary of
9、Test Method4.1 If the small-group method is used, ten tests are run onthe Official Test Aerosol (using the selected reference stan-dard)3and on each of the specimens in parallel. The specimensof a series shall be randomized in the order of testing.4.2 If the large-group method is used, the test is c
10、onductedas in 4.1, with the exception that five, rather than ten tests arerequired.4.3 The average percentage mortality of the test insecticidecompared with that of the selected reference standard is thebasis for assigning either GradeA(aerosol or pressurized spacespray) or Grade B (pressurized spac
11、e spray) rating to the testspecimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a satisfactory means ofdetermining the relative efficacy of aerosol and pressurizedspace spray insecticide formulations against house flies (Muscadomestica, L) strains.5.2 Test data obtained by this test method
12、may also beadequate to support label claims for the use of the productagainst mosquitoes, gnats, flying moths, wasps, and certainother small flying insects. This test method is not designed tomeasure the residual activity.5.3 As a biological test, it is subject to the variations thataccompany the re
13、action of living organisms. It should beemployed under the supervision of personnel familiar with thebiological testing of insecticides.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E35.12 on Insect ControlAgents. It w
14、as originally developed by the Chemical Specialties ManufacturersAssociation (CSMA).Current edition approved July 15, 1991. Published September 1991. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 1984 as E 65384.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
15、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The Official Test Aerosol (Selected Reference Standard) has been foundsuitable for this test and is available from CSMA, 1913 Eye St
16、reet N.W.,Washington, DC 20006.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Reference Standard3The reference standard shall beone of the current selected reference standards from thecontainer in which it is supplie
17、d. The selected referencestandards are (a) OTA-II to be used for oil-based aerosolproducts, or (b) TOAPS to be used for water-based aerosolproducts. When reporting results, the selected reference stan-dard should be identified by its date.6.2 Test Specimen DispenserNo restriction is placed onthe tes
18、t specimen dispenser. However, it should be noted thatthe test results apply only to the test specimen as dispensedfrom the particular unit employed.6.3 Fly Cages4Cages of any convenient type may be usedif they provide at least 1 in.3(16 cm3) of space per fly and haveat least two sides and the top s
19、creened. The cages should beconstructed of metal or other suitable material, and fitted witha sleeve opening, rubber membrane, or door.Adetachable flooris preferable to facilitate cleaning and the insertion of a paperfloor covering.6.4 Rearing RoomA room of any convenient size, free ofstrong drafts,
20、 and maintained at 80 6 2F (27 6 1C), with arelative humidity of 50 6 5 %. The rearing room should beseparate from the testing room and ventilated to minimizeodors and gases from fermenting media.6.5 Testing RoomA room of any convenient size capableof holding the test chamber, with adequate addition
21、al space topermit efficient performance of the tests. The room shall bemaintained at 80 6 2F (27 6 1C), with a relative humidityof 506 5%.6.6 Test ChamberA standard Peet-Grady chamber meet-ing the general specifications given in Test Method E 652.Ifalarger chamber is used, it is recommended that its
22、 dimensionsapproximate a normal size room.6.6.1 When a Peet-Grady chamber is used, the actuatornozzles should be directed so that the spray goes through aport.6.6.2 Adjustable fixtures may be used to hold the dispensersand distribute the sprays from the same place and angle foreach test. Since diffe
23、rent adjustments may be required forvarious test dispensers, the spray pattern from new dispensersshould be determined prior to testing. Successful use has beenreported with a fixture adjusted to position the dispenser 8 in.(203 mm) from the ceiling and 10 in. (254 mm) from a cornerof the Peet-Grady
24、 chamber.6.7 Exhaust FanAn exhaust fan, capable of moving airthrough the test chamber at not less than 1000 ft3/min (0.5m3/s), shall be used to ventilate the chamber after each test. Itshall be arranged with adequate piping to exhaust the chambervapors in a safe manner.6.8 PaperUnsized, nonglazed, a
25、bsorbent paper (such asbrown kraft or gray bogus) shall be used to cover the testchamber floor. Two overlapping sheets of 36 to 40 in. (0.9 to1.0 m) in width or one sheet of 6 ft (1.8 m) in width may beemployed. No special weight is specified, but 60 to 80-lb (27to 36-kg) gray bogus has been found t
26、o be satisfactory.6.9 Apparatus for Collecting Treated FliesAny conve-nient means of picking up the paralyzed flies without injuringor appreciably disturbing them may be used. If a vacuumdevice is used, it must produce gentle suction, have a suffi-ciently large receptacle to prevent crowding the fli
27、es, and becleaned after each test.6.10 Adult Fly FoodDissolve 5 % of spray-dried (orinstant) nonfat dry milk solids and 2 % granulated sugar inwater. A40 % formalin solution may be added at the rate of1 + 1500 to delay spoiling.6.11 Shallow ContainersContainers shall not be morethan 0.75 in. (19 mm)
28、 high, to hold 5 % sugar solution as foodfor paralyzed flies. A gauze-wrapped ball of cotton saturatedwith sugar solution is also satisfactory.6.12 Larval Medium Containers, cylindrical glass batteryjars, approximately 6 in. (152 mm) in diameter and 9 in. (229mm) high, or other suitable containers.6
29、.13 Larval MediumFor each container, mix 340 g ofCSMA Standard Fly Larval Medium5with approximately 750cm3of an aqueous suspension containing 15 g of moist cakeyeast6or5gofactive dry yeast and 10 cm3of nondiastaticdiamalt.6Thoroughly mix this combination until a loose, fluffyconsistency is obtained,
30、 transfer it to the container withoutpacking, cover the container with a cloth or other suitablecover, and set it in the rearing room. The amount of suspensionrequired for best rearing results will need to be determined ineach laboratory and may be varied to prevent mold growth. Itis suggested that
31、the medium be prepared in the late afternoonof the day before egg collection.6.14 Calibrated Centrifuge Tube, Pipet, Pit, or Cell,tobeused for the measurement of 2000 eggs (0.1 cm3of settled eggsequals approximately 700 eggs).6.15 Air-Separation ApparatusAn air-separation appara-tus, constructed acc
32、ording to the specifications of Goodhue andLinnard,7will provide a rapid means of separating pupae fromthe larval-rearing medium. The apparatus employs a suctionpipe, blower, and cyclone separator to remove dried vermicu-lite (placed on the fly larval medium prior to pupation) from theheavier pupae.
33、6.16 Vermiculite.86.17 Shallow Tray.6.18 Clean Cloths.6.19 Ethyl Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol Containing 10 % Ac-etone, Soap and Water, or Detergent and Water.6.20 Oviposition Medium.6.21 Test InsectThe test insect shall be the adult house fly,Musca domestica L, reared from the current official CSMAnon-re
34、sistant house fly strain.9Healthy test groups with anaverage age of 4 days shall be used and individual flies in the4Cages available from American Biological Supply Co., 1330 Dillon HeightsAve., Baltimore, MD 21228, have been found satisfactory for this method.5The CSMA Standard Fly Larval Medium is
35、 available from the Ralston PurinaCo., P.O. Box 337, Richmond, IN 47374.6Yeasts and diamalt, manufactured by Standard Brands, Inc., are available fromlocal distributors.7Goodhue, L. D., and Linnard, C. E., “Air Separation Apparatus for CleaningFly Pupae,” Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol 43, 1950
36、, p. 228.8Terra Lite Brand Vermiculite Soil Conditioner (No. 2 grade), available frommost garden or farm supply stores, has been found to be satisfactory for use in thismethod.9Available from CSMA, 1913 Eye Street N.W., Washington, DC 20006.E 653 91 (2003)2test groups shall not be less than 3 or mor
37、e than 6 days old atthe time of testing. The strain shall be of such susceptibilitythat the Official Test Insecticide (OTI)9will cause a 24-hmortality of 30 to 55 %, with approximately 95 % of the fliesparalyzed within 10 min following the spray application inaccordance with Method E 652. At least t
38、wo cultures of fliesmeeting these specifications shall be used in making an officialevaluation.7. Rearing of Test Insects7.1 Collect eggs for a period of not longer than 16 h fromfood dishes or other oviposition media in cages containingmature flies not more than 8 days old. Fresh ovipositionmedium
39、may be placed in the cages in the late afternoon, andthe eggs collected early the following morning.7.2 Measure and seed the collected eggs without delay, asfollows:7.2.1 Wash the eggs in tap water at room temperature andmeasure groups of 2000 as accurately as possible. This may bedone by allowing t
40、he eggs to settle in a calibrated pipet orcentrifuge tube containing tap water, or the eggs can be filteredand measured in a calibrated pit or cell.7.2.2 Use 10 cm3of tap water to measure and scatter theeggs in a pit or trench, 0.5 in. (13 mm) deep in the center of thelarval medium (see 6.13).7.2.3
41、Cover the eggs with loose medium, replace the con-tainer covers, and place the containers in the rearing room atleast 1.5 in. (38 mm) apart to permit free air circulation.7.2.4 The maximum temperature in the larval medium(about 3 days later) shall not exceed 130F (54C). Undernormal conditions, more
42、than 85 % of the eggs should hatchwithin 36 h of the time they were laid.7.3 Mature larvae migrate to the top portion of the rearingmedium or into a vermiculite layer, and normally all will havepupated by about the ninth day after seeding the eggs. Whenthis occurs, the portion containing pupae is re
43、moved, pouredinto a shallow tray, and air-dried at room temperature. Anelectric fan may be used to hasten drying.7.4 Then separate the pupae from the dry mixture, byhandling as gently and as little as possible (90 % of the fliesmust be permitted to emerge). Either of the two followingmethods have be
44、en found to be satisfactory:7.4.1 Sprinkle the dry, pupae-medium mixture on an in-clined tray set in front of an air blast from an electric fan toblow off the dried medium, leaving the heavier pupae on thetray.7.4.2 Employ an air-separation apparatus (see 6.15). If thismethod is used, place a 2-in.
45、(51-mm) layer of vermiculite onthe larval medium 3 or 4 days after seeding. Approximately 6or 7 days after seeding, loosen the pupae-vermiculite mixture,pour it into a shallow tray, dry with the electric fan, and use theair-separation apparatus to separate the dry vermiculite fromthe heavier pupae.1
46、07.5 Combine all of the pupae maturing on a given day intoone lot, mix, and measure into test unit groups. Hold eachgroup in a shallow container and place in a cage with at least1 in.3(16 cm3) of space per pupae (see 6.3). If the large-groupmethod is used, each test group shall consist of approximat
47、ely500 pupae. If the small-group method is used, more than 500pupae are placed in stock cages, and adult flies are sampledprior to testing. Under normal rearing conditions, at least 80adult flies should be obtained from each 100 eggs seeded.Daily supply each cage of flies with 15 cm3of adult fly foo
48、d(see 6.10) for each 100 flies, and prepare so as to prevent theflies from drowning. Satisfactory food shall be available to theflies at all times until testing.7.6 Hold the adult flies until they are about 4 days old (see6.21). They will then be ready for testing.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Refe
49、rence Standards (OTA II and TOAPS) and TestSpecimen DispensersPrior to use, calibrate the selectedreference standards and test aerosols or pressurized spacesprays (see 6.2)at806 2F (27 6 1C) to determine the rateof delivery in grams per second.8.2 Test ChamberBefore a test is started, clean the Peet-Grady chamber, place clean paper on the floor, close all portsand other openings, maintain the temperature at 80 6 2F (276 1C), and, equally shade all windows.8.2.1 Chambers are considered to be contaminated andunsatisfactory for test purposes when test f
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