1、Designation: E671 98 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Specification forMaximum Permissible Thermal Residual Stress in AnnealedGlass Laboratory Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E671; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This
3、 specification covers a limit for thermal residualstress in reusable annealed glass laboratory apparatus asdetermined by prescribed photoelastic measurement proce-dures.1.2 In broad classification, the laboratory glassware itemscovered by this specification, but not limited to, are:beakers Imhoff co
4、nesbottles, aspirator impingersbottles, dropping jars, batterybottles, gas washing jars, bellbottles, infusion jars, chromatographybottles, milk test jars, cylindricalbottles, reagent joints, ball and socket or standard taperbottles, weighing manometersbulbs, absorption percolatorsbulbs, leveling py
5、cnometersbulbs, sampling stopcocksburets tubes, centrifugecondensers tubes, chromatographycrystallizing dishes tubes, color comparison (turbidity)culture dishes tubes, combustion (ignition)custom apparatus tubes, connecting and adaptercylinders, graduated tubes, digestionand plain tubes, dryingdesic
6、cators tubes, fermentationextraction tubes tubes, thistle (spray traps)flasks vapor trapsfritted ware viscometersfunnels watch glassesgenerators, Kippgrinder, tissue1.3 This specification recognizes that photoelastic measure-ments are proportional to the difference of the principalstresses. The limi
7、t imposed represents a safety factor to covera situation in which one of the principal stresses may be largerthan the apparent stress.1.4 This specification applies only to annealed glasswarethat is intended for sale as such. It excludes glassware that hasbeen thermally tempered, ion-exchanged, or l
8、aminated withglass layers of differing expansion. The intent of this specifi-cation is to limit the residual stresses for safe consumer use inannealed glass, as it leaves the manufacturer.1.5 Stresses introduced by thermal expansion differenceswithin the glassware are covered by this specification.
9、Gradedand glass-to-metal seals are excluded.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1157 Specification for Sampling and Testing of ReusableLaboratory GlasswareE1273 Specification for Color Coding of Reusable Labora-tory PipetsF218 Test Method for Measuring Optical Retardation andAnalyzing Stress
10、 in Glass3. Stress Limit3.1 The stress as measured by the procedure in Section 4and calculated by Eq 2 shall not exceed 5.2 MPa (750 psi),except for combustion, centrifuge, and chromatography tubes,for which a limit of 4.5 MPa (650 psi) applies. Ware exceedingthese limits shall be rejected or reanne
11、aled to meet thespecification.4. Measurement Procedure4.1 Using a Friedel (Senarmont) polarimeter as described inTest Method F218, place the glass article to be measured in theviewing field in air. Examine every part of the article with adefinable light path (glass dimension) by rotating the analyze
12、rto compensate for local stress birefringence. Document thosezones showing the higher values for the retardation or thick-ness ratios by recording analyzer angle, glass thickness (lightpath), and position in ware.4.2 In some orientations, such as sighting perpendicular tothe axis of a thin-walled cy
13、linder, two glass paths must beincluded in the measurement. If by rotating the cylinder, theretardation appears to be relatively constant, the measurementis straightforward and the two walls define the light path. If the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 onLaboratory
14、 Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 onApparatus.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E671 98 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/E0671-98R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
15、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United St
16、ates.retardation is variable, the scheme shown in Fig. 1 is recom-mended. If an adjacent region is found with low or constantretardation, or both, measure this retardation at normal inci-dence. Then use the recommended (slant) path shown whichincludes one wall of the adjacent region and one wall of
17、theregion in question. The retardation that applies in this case isthe slant path reading algebraically corrected by one half of thenormal incidence reading taken in the adjacent zone (Note 1).If an adjacent region meeting these criteria cannot be found,simply record the maximum retardation detected
18、 through bothwalls of the variable region at normal incidence.NOTE 1If large angles (10) from normal are chosen or necessary,the increased path must be cosine corrected (see Fig. 1).4.3 Other systems of determining stress-optical retardationare acceptable provided that the technique selected meets t
19、hesensitivity of the Friedel polarimeter, which has a least count ofapproximately 3 nm (1 analyzer rotation).4.4 For batch or continuous processes, testing and reportingmay be done by statistical sampling.5. Calculation of Stress5.1 Retardation/PathThe retardation per unit path, R, asdetermined with
20、 the Friedel polarimeter is given by:R5FAt(1)where:A = angular rotation of analyzer, degree,R = retardation per unit path, nm/cm,F = conversion factor: 3.15 nm/degree for white light;l/180 for monochromatic light where l is the wave-length of peak intensity, nm, andt = light path (glass thickness) f
21、or the particular viewingdirection, cm.5.2 Stress CalculationThe stress is determined by thefollowing equations5RK(2)where:s = stress, MPa, andK = stress-optical constant of the glass (Note 2), nm/cm MPa.NOTE 2The appropriate value for the glass in question can besupplied by the glass manufacturer.6
22、. Report6.1 Report the following information:6.1.1 Identification of article, type of glass,6.1.2 Manufacturing source and date,6.1.3 System for optical retardation measurement,6.1.4 Sketch of article with key measurement points,6.1.5 Table of data, coding measuring points and givinganalyzer reading
23、s, light path, statistical analyses, special con-siderations, such as slant path corrections in cylinders, andcalculated stress,6.1.6 Stress-optical constant used, and6.1.7 Date of test and name of operator.7. Sampling and Testing7.1 For sampling and testing, refer to Specification E1157.8. Keywords
24、8.1 annealed glass; residual; stressFIG. 1 Scheme for Measuring Retardation in Cylinder with Circumferentially Variable RetardationE671 98 (2010)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of
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26、 years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical co
27、mmittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
28、19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E671 98 (2010)3
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