1、Designation: E 694 99 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Specification forLaboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 694; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers general requirement
3、s commonto glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and toler-ances for applicable instruments are given in other specifica-tions as cited throughout this specification. Glass must conformto specifications E 438 and be calibrated in accordance withPractice E 542.1.1.1 Class AEach instrument s
4、hall be marked with theletter A to signify compliance with applicable construction andaccuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with anidentification marker (serial number) at the option of themanufacturer.1.1.2 Class BGeneral purpose instruments are of the samebasic design as Class A. Howeve
5、r, volumetric tolerances forClass B instruments shall be within twice the specified rangeallowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementE 237 Specification for Microvolumetric Vessels (Volumet-ric Flasks and
6、Centrifuge Tubes)E 287 Specification for BuretsE 288 Specification for Volumetric FlasksE 438 Specifications for Glasses in Laboratory ApparatusE 542 Practice for Calibration of Volumetric WareE 671 Specification for Maximum Permissible Thermal Re-sidual Stress in Annealed Glass Laboratory Apparatus
7、E 675 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-GroundStopcocks and StoppersE 676 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-GroundJointsE 788 Specification for Pipet, Blood DilutingE911 Specification for Glass Stopcocks with Polytetrafluo-roethylene (PTFE) PlugsE 969 Specification for Volumetric (Transf
8、er) PipetsE 1045 Specification for Pipet, Sahli HemoglobinE 1272 Specification for Graduated CylindersE 1878 Specification for Laboratory Glass VolumetricFlasks, Special Use3. General Requirements3.1 Units of VolumeThe unit of volume shall be the cubiccentimetre (cm3) or, in special cases, the cubic
9、 decimetre (dm3)or cubic millimetre (mm3).NOTE 1The term millilitre (mL) is commonly used as a special namefor the cubic centimetre (cm3) and, similarly the litre for the cubicdecimetre (dm3) and the microlitre (L) for the cubic millimetre (mm3),in accordance with the International System of Units (
10、SI).3.2 Standard TemperatureThe standard reference tem-perature, that is, the temperature at which the article ofvolumetric glassware is intended to contain or deliver itsnominal volume (nominal capacity), shall be 20C.NOTE 2When it is necessary in tropical countries to work at anambient temperature
11、 considerably above 20C, and it is not desired to usethe standard reference temperature of 20C, it is recommended that atemperature of 27C be adopted.3.3 Material and AnnealingVolumetric glassware shall beconstructed of glass of suitable chemical and thermal proper-ties. It shall be as free as possi
12、ble from visible defects and shallconform to Specification E 671.3.4 Limit of ErrorOn an article having multiple gradua-tion lines, the limit of volumetric error may occur at anygraduation line unless otherwise specified. For example, on a100-mL graduated cylinder having a limit of error of 61.00mL,
13、 the volume at 10 mL could range from 9.00 to 11.00 mL.3.5 StabilityVessels provided with a flat base shall standfirmly thereon without rocking when placed on a level surfaceand, unless specified otherwise, the axis of the graduatedportion of the vessel should be vertical. Except for specialcases, v
14、essels shall not topple when placed empty and withouta stopper on a surface inclined at an angle to the horizontal of15 for sizes 25 cm3or greater and 10 for vessels less than 25cm3. Vessels provided with a base that is not circular shall meetthis requirement in all directions.1This specification is
15、 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 onLaboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 onApparatus.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E694 99.2For referenced ASTM st
16、andards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
17、, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.6 Stoppers and Stopcocks:3.6.1 StoppersGlass stoppers should be ground so as to beinterchangeable, in which case the ground portions shall be inaccordance with Specification E 675. Stoppers of a suitableinert plastics material may be permitted as an alternative togla
18、ss. In such cases, the glass socket into which the stopper fitsshall be in accordance with Specification E 675. All stoppersshall bear a proper size identification.3.6.2 StopcocksStopcocks and similar devices shall bedesigned to permit smooth and precise control of outflow andto prevent a rate of le
19、akage greater than that allowed in thespecification for the article and shall be in accordance withSpecification E 675. Stopcocks shall be made from glass orfrom suitable inert plastics material.3.7 Graduation Lines:3.7.1 Graduation lines shall be clean, permanent lines ofuniform vertical thickness.
20、 This thickness shall be 0.20.6 mmfor articles not having a scale. On articles having a scale, thespecified thickness of the lines shall be 0.20.4 mm. Allgraduation lines shall lie in planes at right angles to thelongitudinal axis of the graduated portion of the article. Onarticles provided with a f
21、lat base, the graduation lines shalltherefore lie in planes parallel to the base.3.7.2 In general, graduation lines should be confined tocylindrical portions of an articles cross section and shouldpreferably be situated not less than 10 mm from any change indiameter. In special circumstances, prefer
22、ably for Class Barticles only, graduation lines may be provided on a parallelside portion of noncircular cross section or on a conical ortapered portion of the article.3.7.3 On articles not having a scale, all graduation linesshould extend completely around the circumference of thearticle, except th
23、at a gap, not exceeding 10 % of the circum-ference, may be permitted. In the case of an article that isrestricted as to the normal direction of viewing in use, the gapshould be at the right or left of the normal direction of view.3.8 Spacing of Graduation LinesThere should be noevident irregularity
24、spacing of graduation lines (except inspecial cases where the scale is on a conical or tapered portionof the article and a change of subdivision takes place). Theminimum distance, L, between the centers of adjacent gradu-ation lines shall be not less, in relation to diameter, than thatcalculated as
25、follows:L 5 0.8 1 0.02D! (1)where D is the maximum permitted internal diameter of thetube in millimetres (see also Annex A1).3.9 Length of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1)On articles ofcircular cross section having a scale, the length of the gradu-ation lines shall be varied so as to be clearly disting
26、uishableand shall be in accordance with the following provisions:3.9.1 Graduation Pattern I:3.9.1.1 The length of the short lines should be approxi-mately, but not less than, 50 % of the circumference of thearticle.3.9.1.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-mately 65 % of the circumfer
27、ence of the article and shouldextend symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the shortlines.3.9.1.3 The long lines should extend completely around thecircumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % ofthe circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).3.9.2 Graduation Pattern II:3.9.2.1 Th
28、e length of the short lines should be not less than10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of thearticle.3.9.2.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-mately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should extendsymmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short lines.3.9.2
29、.3 The long lines should extend completely around thecircumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % ofthe circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).3.9.3 Graduation Pattern III:3.9.3.1 The length of the short lines should not be less than10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference
30、of thearticle.3.9.3.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-mately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should extendsymmetrically at each end beyond the ends of the short lines.3.9.3.3 The length of the long lines should be not less thantwice the length of the short lines and shou
31、ld extend symmetri-cally at each end beyond the ends of the short and mediumlines.3.9.4 In special cases where scales are required on noncir-cular cross section or conical or tapered portions of an article,the requirements of 3.8.1, 3.8.2, or 3.8.3 should be modifiedappropriately.3.10 Sequence of Gr
32、aduation Lines (see Fig. 2):FIG. 1 Position of Graduation LinesE 694 99 (2005)23.10.1 On articles in which the volume equivalent of thesmallest scale division is millilitre (or a decimal multiple orsubmultiple thereof):3.10.1.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;3.10.1.2 There is a medium li
33、ne midway between twoconsecutive long lines; and3.10.1.3 There are four short lines between consecutivemedium and long lines.3.10.2 On articles in which the volume equivalent of thesmallest scale division is 2 mL (or a decimal multiple orsubmultiple thereof):3.10.2.1 Every fifth graduation line is a
34、 long line; and3.10.2.2 There are four short lines between two consecutivelong lines.3.10.3 On articles in which the volume equivalent of thesmallest scale division is 5 mL (or a decimal multiple orsubmultiple thereof):3.10.3.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;3.10.3.2 There are four mediu
35、m lines equally spaced be-tween two consecutive long lines; and3.10.3.3 There is one short line between two consecutivemedium lines or between consecutive medium and long lines.3.11 Position of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1):3.11.1 On articles graduated according to Pattern I withvertical scales in a
36、ccordance with 3.9.1, the ends of the shortgraduation lines shall lie on an imaginary vertical line down thecenter of the front of the article, the lines themselves extendingpreferably to the left when the article is viewed from the frontin the position of normal use.3.11.2 On articles graduated acc
37、ording to Pattern II or III,with vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.2 or 3.9.3, themidpoints of the short and medium graduation lines shall lie onan imaginary vertical line down the center of the front of thearticle, when the article is viewed from the front in the positionof normal use.3.12 Two
38、 scales are not permitted on the same piece ofapparatus. For example, apparatus should not be graduated inboth fluid ounces and millilitres (cubic centimetres). In the caseof two units, one of which is an exact multiple of the other,such, for example, as drams and fluid ounces, there is noobjective
39、to having the 8-dr line, 16-dr line, etc., markedrespectively, 1 fluid oz, 2 fluid oz, etc., provided that the twoseries of numbers are placed on opposite sides of the apparatusand the value of each subdivision is suitably indicated.3.13 Figuring of Graduation Lines:3.13.1 On articles with one gradu
40、ation line, the numberrepresenting nominal capacity may be included with the otherinscriptions and need not be adjacent to the graduation line.3.13.2 On articles having two or three graduation lines, thenumbers representing nominal capacity need not be adjacent tothe lines to which they relate, if s
41、ome other more suitablemethod of identification is used.3.13.3 On articles having one principal graduation line anda small number of subsidiary lines, the number representing theprincipal capacity may be included with the other inscriptionsas in 3.13.1 provided that the subsidiary graduation lines a
42、resuitably identified.3.13.4 On Articles Having a Scale:3.13.4.1 The scale shall be figured so as to enable the valuecorresponding to each graduation line to be identified readily;3.13.4.2 The scale should have normally only one set offigures;3.13.4.3 At least every tenth line shall be figured;3.13.
43、4.4 Figures shall be confined to long graduation linesand should be placed immediately above the line and slightlyto the right of the adjacent shorter graduation lines; andNOTE 3Where long lines complying with 3.9.2 are used (that is, thoselines not extending completely around the article), an alter
44、native schemeof figuring may be permitted, in which the figure is placed slightly to theright of the end of the long line in such a way that an extension of the linewould bisect it.3.13.4.5 Where it is necessary in special cases to use anumber relating to a medium or short graduation line, thenumber
45、 should be placed slightly to the right of the end of theline in such a way that an extension of the line would bisect it.3.14 Inscriptions:3.14.1 Every instrument shall bear in permanent legiblecharacters the capacity, the temperature at which it is to beused, the method of use (that is, whether to
46、 contain or toFIG. 2 Length and Sequence of Graduation LinesE 694 99 (2005)3deliver), and on instruments that deliver through an outflownozzle, the time required to empty the total nominal capacitywith unrestricted outflow. The inscriptions may be engraved orprinted provided such marking is neat and
47、 clear. Grit-blastedserial numbers will be permitted with the same provision.Every instrument shall bear the name or trademark of themaker. Every ClassAinstrument may bear the symbol A. Serialnumbers may be marked on each instrument at the option of themanufacturer and detachable parts, such as stop
48、pers, stop-cocks, etc., belonging thereto, if not interchangeably ground,shall bear the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass partsshall be marked on both members with the proper standardtaper symbol and the size designation, in accordance withSpecification E 676. Fig. 3 illustrates several arra
49、ngements ofdesignating marks that are considered suitable. Marks may beplaced elsewhere on apparatus if they are easily readable anddo not interfere with the proper use of the apparatus.3.14.2 In the case of a special-purpose article of volumetricglassware that is to be graduated for direct reading of capacitywhen used with a specific liquid other than water, the specifi-cation should also indicate the corresponding capacity whenused to disperse pure water so that the latter can be used forverification.4. Special Requirements4.1 Volumetric FlasksThe limiti
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