1、Designation: E694 99 (Reapproved 2010)E694 18Standard Specification forLaboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E694; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers general re
3、quirements common to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and tolerancesfor applicable instruments are given in other specifications as cited throughout this specification. Glass must conform toSpecifications E438 and be calibrated in accordance with Practice E542.1.1.1 Class AEach instru
4、ment shall be marked with the letter A to signify compliance with applicable construction andaccuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an identification marker (serial number) at the option of the manufacturer.1.1.2 Class BGeneral purpose instruments are of the same basic design as Class
5、 A. However, volumetric tolerances for ClassB instruments shall be within twice the specified range allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on P
6、rinciples for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementE237 Specification for Laboratory Glass Mi
7、crovolumetric Vessels (Volumetric Flasks and Centrifuge Tubes)E287 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated BuretsE288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric FlasksE438 Specification for Glasses in Laboratory ApparatusE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric ApparatusE671 Sp
8、ecification for Maximum Permissible Thermal Residual Stress in Annealed Glass Laboratory ApparatusE675 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground Stopcocks And StoppersE676 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground JointsE788 Specification for Pipet, Blood DilutingE911 Specification for Gla
9、ss Stopcocks with Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) PlugsE969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) PipetsE1045 Specification for Pipet, Sahli HemoglobinE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated CylindersE1878 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks, Special Use3. General
10、Requirements3.1 Units of VolumeThe unit of volume shall be the cubic centimetre (cm3) or, in special cases, the cubic decimetre (dm3) orcubic millimetre (mm3).NOTE 1The term millilitre (mL) is commonly used as a special name for the cubic centimetre (cm3) and, similarly the litre for the cubic decim
11、etre(dm3) and the microlitre (L) for the cubic millimetre (mm3), in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 on Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 onApparatusLaboratory Ware a
12、nd Supplies.Current edition approved July 1, 2010Jan. 1, 2018. Published July 2010January 2018. Originally approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 asE694 99 (2005).(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0694-99R10.10.1520/E0694-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.o
13、rg, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what chang
14、es have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the offici
15、al document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Standard TemperatureThe standard reference temperature, that is, the temperature at which the article of volumetricglassware is intended to contain or deliver its nominal
16、 volume (nominal capacity), shall be 20C.NOTE 2When it is necessary in tropical countries to work at an ambient temperature considerably above 20C, and it is not desired to use the standardreference temperature of 20C, it is recommended that a temperature of 27C be adopted.3.3 Material and Annealing
17、Volumetric glassware shall be constructed of glass of suitable chemical and thermal properties.It shall be as free as possible from visible defects and shall conform to Specification E671.3.4 Limit of ErrorOn an article having multiple graduation lines, the limit of volumetric error may occur at any
18、 graduationline unless otherwise specified. For example, on a 100-mL graduated cylinder having a limit of error of 61.00 mL, the volumeat 10 mL could range from 9.00 to 11.00 mL.NOTE 3The limit of volumetric error specified for any article designed for delivery shall not be less than four times the
19、standard deviation determinedexperimentally by an experienced operator from a series of at least twenty replicate determinations of delivered capacity on the same article, carried outstrictly in accordance with the method specified for that article.3.5 StabilityVessels provided with a flat base shal
20、l stand firmly thereon without rocking when placed on a level surface and,unless specified otherwise, the axis of the graduated portion of the vessel should be vertical. Except for special cases, vessels shallnot topple when placed empty and without a stopper on a surface inclined at an angle to the
21、 horizontal of 15 for sizes 25 cm3orgreater and 10 for vessels less than 25 cm3. Vessels provided with a base that is not circular shall meet this requirement in alldirections.3.6 Stoppers and Stopcocks:3.6.1 StoppersGlass stoppers should be ground so as to be interchangeable, in which case the grou
22、nd portions shall be inaccordance with Specification E675. Stoppers of a suitable inert plastics material may be permitted as an alternative to glass. Insuch cases, the glass socket into which the stopper fits shall be in accordance with Specification E675. All stoppers shall bear aproper size ident
23、ification.3.6.2 StopcocksStopcocks and similar devices shall be designed to permit smooth and precise control of outflow and toprevent a rate of leakage greater than that allowed in the specification for the article and shall be in accordance with SpecificationE675. Stopcocks shall be made from glas
24、s or from suitable inert plastics material.3.7 Graduation Lines:3.7.1 Graduation lines shall be clean, permanent lines of uniform vertical thickness. This thickness shall be 0.20.6 mm forarticles not having a scale. On articles having a scale, the specified thickness of the lines shall be 0.20.4 mm.
25、All graduation linesshall lie in planes at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the graduated portion of the article. On articles provided with a flatbase, the graduation lines shall therefore lie in planes parallel to the base.3.7.2 In general, graduation lines should be confined to cylindrical
26、 portions of an articles cross section and should preferablybe situated not less than 10 mm from any change in diameter. In special circumstances, preferably for Class B articles only,graduation lines may be provided on a parallel side portion of noncircular cross section or on a conical or tapered
27、portion of thearticle.3.7.3 On articles not having a scale, all graduation lines should extend completely around the circumference of the article,except that a gap, not exceeding 10 % of the circumference, may be permitted. In the case of an article that is restricted as to thenormal direction of vi
28、ewing in use, the gap should be at the right or left of the normal direction of view.3.8 Spacing of Graduation LinesThere should be no evident irregularity spacing of graduation lines (except in special caseswhere the scale is on a conical or tapered portion of the article and a change of subdivisio
29、n takes place). The minimum distance,L, between the centers of adjacent graduation lines shall be not less, in relation to diameter, than that calculated as follows:L 50.810.02D! (1)where D is the maximum permitted internal diameter of the tube in millimetres (see also Annex A1).3.9 Length of Gradua
30、tion Lines (see Fig. 1)On articles of circular cross section having a scale, the length of the graduationlines shall be varied so as to be clearly distinguishable and shall be in accordance with the following provisions:3.9.1 Graduation Pattern I:3.9.1.1 The length of the short lines should be appro
31、ximately, but not less than, 50 % of the circumference of the article.3.9.1.2 The length of the medium lines should be approximately 65 % of the circumference of the article and should extendsymmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short lines.3.9.1.3 The long lines should extend completely a
32、round the circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of thecircumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).3.9.2 Graduation Pattern II:3.9.2.1 The length of the short lines should be not less than 10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the article.3.9.2.2 The length of the me
33、dium lines should be approximately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should extendsymmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short lines.E694 1823.9.2.3 The long lines should extend completely around the circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of thecircumference,
34、may be permitted (see 3.6).3.9.3 Graduation Pattern III:3.9.3.1 The length of the short lines should not be less than 10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the article.3.9.3.2 The length of the medium lines should be approximately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should exte
35、ndsymmetrically at each end beyond the ends of the short lines.3.9.3.3 The length of the long lines should be not less than twice the length of the short lines and should extend symmetricallyat each end beyond the ends of the short and medium lines.3.9.4 In special cases where scales are required on
36、 noncircular cross section or conical or tapered portions of an article, therequirements of 3.8.1, 3.8.2, or 3.8.3 should be modified appropriately.3.10 Sequence of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 2):3.10.1 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the smallest scale division is millilitre (or a deci
37、mal multiple orsubmultiple thereof):3.10.1.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;3.10.1.2 There is a medium line midway between two consecutive long lines; and3.10.1.3 There are four short lines between consecutive medium and long lines.3.10.2 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
38、 smallest scale division is 2 mL (or a decimal multiple or submultiplethereof):3.10.2.1 Every fifth graduation line is a long line; and3.10.2.2 There are four short lines between two consecutive long lines.3.10.3 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the smallest scale division is 5 mL (or a
39、 decimal multiple or submultiplethereof):3.10.3.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;3.10.3.2 There are four medium lines equally spaced between two consecutive long lines; and3.10.3.3 There is one short line between two consecutive medium lines or between consecutive medium and long lines.F
40、IG. 1 Position of Graduation LinesFIG. 2 Length and Sequence of Graduation LinesE694 1833.11 Position of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1):3.11.1 On articles graduated according to Pattern I with vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.1, the ends of the short graduationlines shall lie on an imaginary ve
41、rtical line down the center of the front of the article, the lines themselves extending preferablyto the left when the article is viewed from the front in the position of normal use.3.11.2 On articles graduated according to Pattern II or III, with vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.2 or 3.9.3, t
42、he midpointsof the short and medium graduation lines shall lie on an imaginary vertical line down the center of the front of the article, whenthe article is viewed from the front in the position of normal use.3.12 Two scales are not permitted on the same piece of apparatus. For example, apparatus sh
43、ould not be graduated in both fluidounces and millilitres (cubic centimetres). In the case of two units, one of which is an exact multiple of the other, such, for example,as drams and fluid ounces, there is no objective to having the 8-dr line, 16-dr line, etc., marked respectively, 1 fluid oz, 2 fl
44、uid oz,etc., provided that the two series of numbers are placed on opposite sides of the apparatus and the value of each subdivision issuitably indicated.3.13 Figuring of Graduation Lines:3.13.1 On articles with one graduation line, the number representing nominal capacity may be included with the o
45、therinscriptions and need not be adjacent to the graduation line.3.13.2 On articles having two or three graduation lines, the numbers representing nominal capacity need not be adjacent to thelines to which they relate, if some other more suitable method of identification is used.3.13.3 On articles h
46、aving one principal graduation line and a small number of subsidiary lines, the number representing theprincipal capacity may be included with the other inscriptions as in 3.13.1 provided that the subsidiary graduation lines are suitablyidentified.3.13.4 On Articles Having a Scale:3.13.4.1 The scale
47、 shall be figured so as to enable the value corresponding to each graduation line to be identified readily;3.13.4.2 The scale should have normally only one set of figures;3.13.4.3 At least every tenth line shall be figured;3.13.4.4 Figures shall be confined to long graduation lines and should be pla
48、ced immediately above the line and slightly to theright of the adjacent shorter graduation lines; andNOTE 4Where long lines complying with 3.9.2 are used (that is, those lines not extending completely around the article), an alternative scheme offiguring may be permitted, in which the figure is plac
49、ed slightly to the right of the end of the long line in such a way that an extension of the line wouldbisect it.3.13.4.5 Where it is necessary in special cases to use a number relating to a medium or short graduation line, the number shouldbe placed slightly to the right of the end of the line in such a way that an extension of the line would bisect it.3.14 Inscriptions:3.14.1 Every instrument shall bear in permanent legible characters the capacity, the temperature at which it is to be used, themethod of use (that is, whether to contain or to deliver),
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