ASTM E701-1980(2005) Standard Test Methods for Municipal Ferrous Scrap《城市废铁的试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: E 701 80 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Methods forMunicipal Ferrous Scrap1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 701; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover various tests for assessing theusefulness of a ferrous fraction recovered from municipalwastes.1.2 These test method

3、s comprise both chemical and physi-cal tests, as follows:SectionSampling 5Bulk Density 6Total Combustibles 7Chemical Analysis (for Industries Other Than theDetinning Industry)8Magnetic Fraction (for the Detinning Industry) 9Chemical Analysis for Tin (for the Detinning Industry) 10Metallic Yield for

4、All Industries Other Than the CopperIndustry and the Detinning Industry111.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wi

5、th its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C29 Test Method for Unit Weight and Voids in AggregateC 702 Practi

6、ce for Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD 2234 Test Methods for Collection of a Gross Sample ofCoalE30 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Steel, CastIron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought IronE 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate aMeasure of Quality for a Lot or Proce

7、ssE 350 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Carbon Steel,Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, andWrought IronE 351 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Cast IronAll TypesE 415 Test Method for Optical Emission Vacuum Spectro-metric Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy SteelE 702 Speci

8、fication for Municipal Ferrous Scrap3. Significance and Use3.1 The establishment of these test methods for municipalferrous scrap as a raw material for certain industries (seeSpecification E 702) will aid commerce in such scrap byproviding the chemical and physical tests for the characteriza-tion of

9、 the scrap needed as a basis for communication betweenthe purchaser and supplier.4. Hazards4.1 Due to the origins of municipal ferrous scrap in wastedestined for disposal, common sense dictates that some pre-cautions should be observed when conducting tests on thesamples. Recommended hygienic practi

10、ces include usinggloves when handling municipal ferrous scrap and washinghands before eating or smoking.5. Sampling5.1 Gross Sample of Loose Ferrous Scrap:5.1.1 Take a minimum of one gross sample having a volumeof7ft3(0.2 m3) (approximately equal to a 55-gal drum).Guidance for determining the number

11、 of gross samples neededto characterize a given lot of material and methods foraccumulating a gross sample can be found in Practice E 122and Test Method D 2234, respectively. In all cases, the actualsampling procedures to be used and the number of grosssamples required to obtain a representative sam

12、ple of the lotshall be established in accordance with an agreement betweenthe purchaser and supplier.5.1.2 Air-dry the gross sample at ambient temperature for aperiod of 24 h by spreading the sample on a clean, dry surfaceto one-layer thickness. Protect the sample from contaminationby falling dust a

13、nd debris. Reduce the gross sample to foursamples by the method of coning and quartering, as describedin Method B of Practice C 702.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 onWaste Management and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.06 onRecovery and Reuse.Cu

14、rrent edition approved Feb. 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 701-80(1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards v

15、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 Gross Sample of Baled Ferrous ScrapTake a mini-mum of two bales. Guidance for determining the numb

16、er ofbales needed to characterize a given lot of material andmethods for selecting the bales can be found in Practice E 122.In all cases, the actual sampling procedures to be used and thenumber of gross samples required to obtain a representativesample of the lot shall be established in accordance w

17、ith anagreement between the purchaser and supplier.6. Bulk Density6.1 Loose Ferrous Scrap:6.1.1 Apparatus:6.1.1.1 Container, constructed of suitable materials, forexample, plywood, having the following approximate internaldimensions: base of 1 by 1 ft (300 by 300 mm) and a height ofat least 2 ft (60

18、0 mm). Measure the internal dimensions of thebox to the nearest 0.1 in. (3 mm). Suitable handles may beattached to the exterior of the container to aid in subsequenthandling. Alternatively, containers of other geometries, agree-able to the purchaser and supplier, may be employed providedthe area of

19、the base is at least 1 ft2(0.09 m2).NOTE 1The operator should be aware that this test method is notintended for those occasional pieces whose size is of the order of thedimensions of the box. As a guide, the maximum length of a single pieceshould not exceed three fourths of the maximum dimension of

20、the base.6.1.1.2 Balance or Scale, accurate within 0.1 % of the testload within the range of use. The range of use shall beconsidered to extend from the weight of the container empty tothe weight of the container plus its contents at 100 lb/ft3(1600kg/m3).6.1.1.3 Measuring Rod, calibrated in 0.1-in.

21、 (3-mm) inter-vals having a blunt end with an area of 4 in.2(26 cm2).6.1.2 Procedure:6.1.2.1 Use each of the four samples from 5.1.2 to deter-mine the bulk density.6.1.2.2 Before each determination, weigh the empty con-tainer to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).6.1.2.3 Place oversize pieces, likely to p

22、rotrude above thesurface of the material in the container, at the bottom of thecontainer prior to filling with the remainder of the sample.6.1.2.4 Fill the container in three approximately equallayers. After each layer, place the container on a firm base, forexample, a concrete floor, raising the op

23、posite sides alternatelyabout 2 in. (50 mm) and allowing the container to drop in sucha manner as to hit with a sharp, resounding impact. Do thissettling step ten times, five times on each side, in the mannerdescribed. Level the surface of the material manually tominimize surface irregularities.6.1.

24、2.5 Using the measuring rod described in 6.1.1.3, mea-sure the distance from the top of the container to the surface ofthe material to the nearest 0.1 in. (3 mm) in each of the fourcorners of the container. Subtract the average of the fourmeasurements from the inside height of the container todeterm

25、ine the height of the material.6.1.2.6 Weigh the filled container to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05kg).6.1.3 Calculation Calculate the bulk density as follows:Bulk density, lb/ft3kg/m3!5a 2 bc 3 d 3 e3 f (1)where:a = weight of container plus material, lb (or kg),b = weight of container, lb (or kg),c = ins

26、ide length of container base, in. (or m),d = inside depth of container base, in. (or m),e = height of material in container, in. (or m),f = 1 for container dimensions measured in metres, or 1728for container dimensions measured in inches.6.1.4 ReportReport each bulk density determination andthe aver

27、age of the four determinations.6.2 Baled Ferrous Scrap:6.2.1 Procedure:6.2.1.1 Determine the weight of each bale from 5.2 to thenearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg) using a scale described in 6.1.1.2.6.2.1.2 Measure individually the length, width, and heightof the bale to the nearest 0.1 in. (3 mm).6.2.2 Calcul

28、ations Calculate the bulk density as follows:Bulk density, lb/ft3kg/m3!5gh 3 i 3 j3 k (2)where:g = weight of bale, lb (or kg),h = length of bale, in. (or m),i = width of bale, in. (or m),j = height of bale, in. (or m),k = 1 for bale dimensions measured in metres, or 1728 forbale dimensions measured

29、in inches.6.2.3 ReportReport each bulk density determination andthe average of all of the determinations.7. Total Combustibles7.1 Procedure:7.1.1 Use two of the four bulk density volumes from 6.1.2.1for the total combustibles determination. Reduce the size ofeach sample, if necessary, to approximate

30、ly 20 lb (9.1 kg) bythe method of coning and quartering, as described in Method Bof Practice C 702. Determine the weight of each of the twosamples to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg) before heating.7.1.2 Heat each of the two samples in excess air at 750F(400C) for 60 min. An external source of air at lo

31、w flow ratesand pressures can be introduced at several locations within thesample to provide for combustion and excess air. The samplemay be stirred every 15 min to expose fresh surface. Determinethe weight of each of the two samples after heating to thenearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).NOTE 2For example, th

32、e amount of air needed can be estimated as inthe following example:Assume a 20-lb (9-kg) sample containing 10 % combustibles that are40 % carbon. For complete combustion, the amount of carbon to beremoved is:20 3 0.1 3 0.4 5 0.8 lb (3)For the combustion reaction C + O2=CO2, 0.8 lb of carbon requires

33、0.8 3 (32 lb/lbmol)/(12 lb/lbmol) = 2.13 lb of oxygen or 2.13 3 (359 ft3/lbmol)/(32 lb/lbmol) of O2= 23.9 ft3of oxygen at standard temperatureand pressure (STP). Assuming the oxygen contribution from the sample iszero, and since air is 21 % oxygen by volume, 23.9/0.21 = 114 ft3of air atSTP is requir

34、ed to react with the carbon. For air at 25C (77F), thevolume of air required is 114 3 (273 + 25)/273 = 124 ft3, and assumingE 701 80 (2005)2a 50 % excess air requirement, the total air necessary is 124 + 0.5 = 186ft3. For a combustion time of 60 min, the flow rate of air needed is186/60 = 3.1 ft3/mi

35、n.7.2 Calculation Calculate the total combustibles as fol-lows:Total combustibles, weight % 5 1 2 w1/w2!# 3 100 (4)where:w1= sample weight after heating, andw2= sample weight before heating.7.3 ReportReport each determination of total combus-tibles and the average of the two determinations.8. Chemic

36、al Analysis (for Industries Other Than theDetinning Industry)8.1 Reduce the two bulk density volumes remaining afterSection 7 to two 30-lb (13.6-kg) samples, if necessary, andmelt each in an induction furnace under a blanket of argon gas.8.2 Take a sample of each melt and prepare for chemicalanalysi

37、s in accordance with one of the following test methods:E 30, E 350, E 351, E 415, or to procedures mutually agreedupon by the purchaser and the supplier.8.3 Report the chemical composition of each melt and theaverage composition of the two melts.9. Magnetic Fraction (for the Detinning Industry)9.1 P

38、rocedure:9.1.1 Weigh each of the two bulk density volumes remain-ing after Section 7 to 0.1 lb (0.05 kg) and manually separateusing a hand magnet into two fractions: magnetic and nonmag-netic.9.1.2 Wash the magnetic fraction in a galvanized tub ofapproximately 20-gal (0.08-m3) capacity for 2 min wit

39、h 180F(82C) water. Locate a 2-in. quick-drain valve, or equivalent, atthe base of the tub to drain the water and wash the residue.When the drain valve is opened, use water from a garden hosefor approximately 1 min to wash off any remaining residue.Place a14-in. (6.3-mm) hardware cloth with sufficien

40、t screen-ing area at the exit of the drain valve to collect any of themagnetic fraction that may be washed out through the drainvalve during draining of the tub. Next, repeat the previouslydescribed wash cycle. Manually remove the magnetic fractionfrom the tub and drain, if necessary, any residue or

41、 retainedwater, or both, from the individual pieces. After draining thewater, air-dry the magnetic fraction at ambient temperature fora period of 24 h by spreading the sample onto a clean, drysurface to one-layer thickness, or as required by Test MethodC29, and weigh to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).

42、 While drying,protect the sample from contamination by falling dust anddebris.9.2 Calculation Calculate the magnetic fraction as fol-lows:Magnetic fraction, weight % 5w3w43 100 (5)where:w3= weight of magnetic fraction, andw4= weight of as-received sample (from 9.1.1).9.3 ReportReport each determinat

43、ion of the magneticfraction and the average of the two determinations.10. Chemical Analysis for Tin (for the DetinningIndustry)10.1 Procedure:10.1.1 Separate manually each dried magnetic portion fromSection 9 into “cans and other.” Weigh the can and otherfractions to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg). Pr

44、epare the canfraction for sampling by compacting it to sufficient density tomaintain its integrity during subsequent drilling. The cylindri-cal compact should have a volume of approximately 10 in.3(160 cm3).10.1.2 Drill two14-in. (6-mm) holes through the cylinderfrom top to bottom. Locate the holes

45、on the base of thecylinder, midway between the cylinder axis and the cylinderedge on a common diameter.10.1.3 Combine the drillings from the two holes for thechemical analysis described in 10.1.5. Exercise caution toensure the collection of all drillings.NOTE 3Experience has shown that approximately

46、 20 g of drillings isa sufficient sample for the tin analysis.10.1.4 Alternatively, the can fraction can be sampled by anyother procedure mutually agreed upon between the purchaserand the supplier.10.1.5 Prepare the sample for tin analysis in accordancewith Sections IIIA and IIIB1 of the Treatise on

47、 AnalyticalChemistry3or to procedures mutually agreeable to the pur-chaser and the supplier. The analysis result is the weightpercent tin in the can fraction.10.2 Calculation Calculate the tin content as follows:Tin content of as2received sample, weight % 5w5w63 w7(6)where:w5= weight of can fraction

48、,w6= weight of as-received sample (from 9.1.1), andw7= weight % of tin in can fraction.10.3 ReportReport the tin content as percent tin by weightof the as-received sample.11. Metallic Yield for All Industries Other Than theCopper Industry and the Detinning Industry11.1 ProcedureDetermine the metalli

49、c yield from eachof the samples used for the chemical analysis in Section 8.11.2 Calculation Calculate the metallic yield as follows:Metallic yield, weight % 5w8w93 100 (7)where:w8= weight of metal after melting (Note 4), andw9= weight of total sample before melting.NOTE 4Weight includes portion removed for chemical analysis andexcludes weight of slag formed.3Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, edited by Kolthoff, Elving, and Sandell, PartII, Vol 3, Interscience Publishers, New York, N. Y., 1961.E 701 80 (2005)311.3 ReportReport each determination of