ASTM E709-2014 red 1231 Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing《磁粉检测的标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: E709 08E709 14Standard Guide forMagnetic Particle Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind

2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide2 describescovers techniques for both dry and wet magneti

3、c particle testing, a nondestructive method for detectingcracks and other discontinuities at or near the surface in ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to rawmaterial, semifinished material (billets, blooms, castings, and forgings), finished material and welds, regardle

4、ss of heat treatmentor lack thereof. It is useful for preventive maintenance testing.1.1.1 This guide is intended as a reference to aid in the preparation of specifications/standards, procedures and techniques.1.2 This guide is also a reference that may be used as follows:1.2.1 To establish a means

5、by which magnetic particle testing, procedures recommended or required by individual organizations,can be reviewed to evaluate their applicability and completeness.1.2.2 To aid in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned in magnetic particle testing.1.2.3 To aid in the preparation

6、of procedures dealing with the examination of materials and parts. This guide describes magneticparticle testing techniques that are recommended for a great variety of sizes and shapes of ferromagnetic materials and widelyvarying examination requirements. Since there are many acceptable differences

7、in both procedure and technique, the explicitrequirements should be covered by a written procedure (see Section 21).1.3 This guide does not indicate, suggest, or specify acceptance standards for parts/pieces examined by these techniques. Itshould be pointed out, however, that after indications have

8、been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated.For this purpose there should be a separate code, specification, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, degreeof alignment and spacing, area concentration, and orientation of indications that are unacceptab

9、le in a specific part versus thosewhich need not be removed before part acceptance. Conditions where rework or repair is not permitted should be specified.1.4 This guide describes the use of the following magnetic particle method techniques.1.4.1 Dry magnetic powder (see 8.4),1.4.2 Wet magnetic part

10、icle (see 8.5),1.4.3 Magnetic slurry/paint magnetic particle (see 8.5.7), and1.4.4 Polymer magnetic particle (see 8.5.8).1.5 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing examinations in accordance with this guide should be qualified and certifiedin accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC

11、-1A, ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, NAS 410, or as specified inthe contract or purchase order.1.6 Nondestructive Testing AgencyIf a nondestructive testing agency as described in Practice E543 is used to perform theexamination, the nondestructive testing agency should meet the requirements of Practice E5

12、43.1.7 The numerical values shownstated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units standard.The values givenin parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.only and are not consideredstandard.1.8 Warning: Mercury has been designate

13、d by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause seriousmedical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is t

14、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid Penetrantand Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2008March 1, 2014. Published April 2008April 2014. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20012008 asE709 - 01.E709 - 08. DOI: 10.1520/E0709-08.1

15、0.1520/E0709-14.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Applications see related Guide SE-709 in Section II of that Code.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because

16、it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears

17、at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) foradditional information. Users should be a

18、ware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate saf

19、ety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel ForgingsA456/A456M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft ForgingsD93

20、Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)E165E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Non

21、destructive TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1444E1444/E1444M Practice for Magnetic Particle TestingE2297 Guide for Use of UV-AandVisible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE): Aerospace Ma

22、terials Specifications:4AMS 2300 Premium Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness Magnetic Particle Inspection ProcedureAMS 2301 Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness Magnetic Particle Inspection ProcedureAMS 2303 Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness Martensitic Corrosion Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Ins

23、pection ProcedureAMS 2641 Vehicle Magnetic Particle InspectionAMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, Dry MethodAMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready to UseAMS 3042 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, Wet Method, Dry PowderAMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, No

24、n-fluorescent, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol PackagedAMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method, Dry PowderAMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready to UseAMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol PackagedAMS 5062 Steel, Low Ca

25、rbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, MaximumAMS 5355 Investment CastingsAMS-I-83387 Inspection Process, Magnetic RubberAS 4792 Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous Magnetic Particle InspectionAS 5282 Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic Particle InspectionAS 5371 Refer

26、ence Standards Notched Shims for Magnetic Particle Inspection2.3 American Society for Nondestructive Testing:5SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive TestingCP-189 ASNT Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.4 Federal Standards:6A-A-59230 F

27、luid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, SuspensionFED-STD 313 Material Safety Data Sheets Preparation and the Submission of2.5 OSHA Document:729CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication2.6 AIA Documents:8NAS 410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification3. Terminology3.1 For definitions o

28、f terms used in the practice, refer to Terminology E1316.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Av

29、ailable from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.5 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.6 Available from Standardization

30、 Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.7 Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.8 Available from Aerospace Industries

31、 Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.E709 1424. Summary of Guide4.1 PrincipleThe magnetic particle method is based on establishing a magnetic field with high flux density in a ferromagneticmaterial. The flux lines m

32、ust spread out when they pass through non-ferromagnetic material such as air in a discontinuity or aninclusion. Because flux lines can not cross, this spreading action may force some of the flux lines out of the material (flux leakage).Flux leakage is also caused by reduction in ferromagnetic materi

33、al (cross-sectional change), a sharp dimensional change, or theend of the part. If the flux leakage is strong enough, fine magnetic particles will be held in place and an accumulation of particleswill be visible under the proper lighting conditions. While there are variations in the magnetic particl

34、e method, they all aredependent on this principle, that magnetic particles will be retained at the locations of magnetic flux leakage. The amount of fluxleakage at discontinuities depends primarily on the following factors;factors: flux density in the material, and size, orientation, andproximity to

35、 the surface of a discontinuity. With longitudinal fields, all of the flux lines must complete their loops though air andan excessively strong magnetic field may interfere with examination near the flux entry and exit points due to the high flux-densitypresent at these points.4.2 MethodWhile this pr

36、actice permits and describes many variables in equipment, materials, and procedures, there are threesteps essential to the method:4.2.1 The part must be magnetized.4.2.2 Magnetic particles of the type designated in the contract/purchase order/specification should be applied while the part ismagnetiz

37、ed or immediately thereafter.4.2.3 Any accumulation of magnetic particles must be observed, interpreted, and evaluated.4.3 Magnetization:4.3.1 Ways to MagnetizeAferromagnetic material can be magnetized either by passing an electric current through the materialor by placing the material within a magn

38、etic field originated by an external source. The entire mass or a portion of the mass canbe magnetized as dictated by size and equipment capacity or need.As previously noted, in order to be detectable, the discontinuitymust interrupt the normal path of the magnetic field lines. If a discontinuity is

39、 open to the surface, the flux leakage attracting theparticles will be at the maximum value for that particular discontinuity. When that same discontinuity is below the surface, fluxleakage evident on the surface will be a lesser value.4.3.2 Field DirectionIf a discontinuity is oriented parallel to

40、the magnetic field lines, it may be essentially undetectable.Therefore, since discontinuities may occur in any orientation, it may be necessary to magnetize the part or the area of interest twiceor more sequentially in different directions by the same method or a combination of different methods (se

41、e Section 13) to inducemagnetic field lines in a suitable direction in which to perform an adequate examination.4.3.3 Field StrengthThe magnetic field must be of sufficient strength to indicate those discontinuities which are unacceptable,yet must not be so strong that an excess of local particle ac

42、cumulation masks relevant indications (see Section 14).4.4 Types of Magnetic Particles and Their UseThere are various types of magnetic particles available for use in magneticparticle testing. They are available as dry powders (fluorescent and nonfluorescent) ready for use as supplied (see 8.4), pow

43、derconcentrates (fluorescent and nonfluorescent) for dispersion in water or suspending in light petroleum distillates (see 8.5), magneticslurries/paints (see 8.5.7), and magnetic polymer dispersions (see 8.5.8).4.5 Evaluation of IndicationsWhen the material to be examined has been properly magnetize

44、d, the magnetic particles havebeen properly applied, and the excess particles properly removed, there will be accumulations of magnetic particles remaining atthe points of flux leakage. These accumulations show the distortion of the magnetic field and are called indications. Withoutdisturbing the pa

45、rticles, the indications must be examined, classified, compared with the acceptance standards, and a decision madeconcerning the disposition of the material that contains the indication.4.6 Typical Magnetic Particle Indications:4.6.1 Surface DiscontinuitiesSurface discontinuities, with few exception

46、s, produce sharp, distinct patterns (see Annex A1).4.6.2 Near-surface discontinuitiesDiscontinuitiesNear-surface discontinuities produce less distinct indications than thoseopen to the surface. The patterns tend to be broad, rather than sharp, and the particles are less tightly held (see Annex A1).5

47、. Significance and Use5.1 The magnetic particle method of nondestructive testing indicates the presence of surface and near-surface discontinuities inmaterials that can be magnetized (ferromagnetic). This method can be used for production examination of parts/components orstructures and for field ap

48、plications where portability of equipment and accessibility to the area to be examined are factors. Theability of the method to find small discontinuities can be enhanced by using fluorescent particles suspended in a suitable vehicleand by introducing a magnetic field of the proper strength whose or

49、ientation is as close as possible to 90 to the direction of thesuspected discontinuity (see 4.3.2). A smoother surface or a pulsed current improves mobility of the magnetic particles under theinfluence of the magnetic field to collect on the surface where magnetic flux leakage occurs.6. Equipment6.1 TypesThere are a number of types of equipment available for magnetizing ferromagnetic parts and components. With theexception of a permanent magnet, all equipment requires a power source capable of delivering the required current levels toE709 143produce the magnetic