ASTM E747-2004(2010) 5625 Standard Practice for Design Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology《放射学用金属丝图像质量指示器的设计 .pdf

1、Designation: E747 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Practice forDesign, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification ofWire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year o

2、foriginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers the design, material groupingclassifi

3、cation, and manufacture of wire image quality indica-tors (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images.1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-rayradiology.1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as thecontrolling image quality indicator for the material thicknes

4、srange from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate

5、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar,and ShapesB150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze, Rod, Bar, andShapes Metric4B161 Specification for N

6、ickel Seamless Pipe and TubeB164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, andWireB166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys(UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693,N06025, N06045, and N06696)* and Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617) Rod, Bar, andWireE1025 Practice

7、for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 Other Standards:5EN 4261 Non-Destructive TestingImage Quality ofRadiographs-Part 1: Image Quality Indicators (Wire-Type)-De

8、termination of Image Quality Value3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of terms in TerminologyE1316, Section D, relating to gamma and X-radiology, shallapply to the terms used in this practice.4. Wire IQI Requirements4.1 The quality of all levels of examination shall be deter-mined by a set

9、of wires conforming to the following require-ments:4.1.1 Wires shall be fabricated from materials or alloysidentified or listed in accordance with 7.2. Other materials maybe used in accordance with 7.3.4.1.2 The IQI consists of sets of wires arranged in order ofincreasing diameter. The diameter size

10、s specified in Table 1 areestablished from a consecutive series of numbers taken ingeneral from the ISO/R 10 series. The IQI shall be fabricatedin accordance with the requirements specified in Figs. 1-8 andTables 1-3. IQIs previously manufactured to the requirementsof Annex A1 may be used as an alte

11、rnate provided all otherrequirements of this practice are met.4.1.3 Image quality indicator (IQI) designs other than thoseshown in Figs. 1-8 and Annex A1 are permitted by contractualagreement. If an IQI set as listed in Table 1 or Annex A1 ismodified in size, it must contain the grade number, set id

12、entity,and essential wire. It must also contain two additional wires1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published Marc

13、h 2011. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E747 - 04. DOI:10.1520/E0747-04R10.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related PracticeSE-747 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontac

14、t ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.5Available from American National Standards

15、Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.that are the next size larger and the next size smaller asspecified in the applicable set listed in Ta

16、ble 1.4.1.4 Each set must be identified using letters and numbersmade of industrial grade lead or of a material of similarradiographic density. Identification shall be as shown on Figs.1-8 or Annex A1, unless otherwise specified by contractualagreement.4.1.5 European standard EN 462-1 contains simil

17、ar provi-sions (with nominal differences-see TableA1.1) for wire imagequality indicators as this standard (E747). International users ofthese type IQI standards who prefer the use of EN 462-1 fortheir particular applications should specify such alternateprovisions within separate contractual arrange

18、ments from thisstandard.5. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Procurement5.1 When selecting IQIs for procurement, the followingfactors should be considered:5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of the material to beexamined.5.1.2 Determine the thickness or thickness range of thematerial(s) to be examined.5.

19、1.3 Select the applicable IQIs that represent the requiredIQI thickness(s) and alloy(s).6. Image Quality Levels6.1 The quality level required using wire penetrametersshall be equivalent to the 2-2T level of Practice E1025 forhole-type IQIs unless a higher or lower quality level is agreedupon between

20、 purchaser and supplier. Table 4provides a list ofvarious hole-type IQIs and the diameter of wires of corre-sponding equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) with theapplicable 1T, 2T, and 4T holes in the IQI. This table can beused for determining 1T, 2T, and 4T quality levels. AppendixX1 gives the

21、 equation for calculating other equivalencies ifneeded.6.2 In specifying quality levels, the contract, purchase order,product specification, or drawing should clearly indicate thethickness of material to which the quality level applies. Carefulconsideration of required quality levels is particularly

22、 impor-tant.7. Material Groups7.1 General:7.1.1 Materials have been designated in eight groups basedon their radiographic absorption characteristics: groups 03, 02,and 01 for light metals and groups 1 through 5 for heavymetals.7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), aluminum(Al), and titanium

23、(Ti) are identified 03, 02, and 01 respec-tively, for their predominant alloying constituent.The materialsare listed in order of increasing radiation absorption.7.1.3 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper-base, nickel-base, and kindred alloys are identified 1 through 5. Thematerials increase in radi

24、ation absorption with increasingnumerical designation.7.1.4 Common trade names or alloy designations have beenused for clarification of the pertinent materials.7.1.5 The materials from which the IQI for the group are tobe made are designated in each case and these IQIs areapplicable for all material

25、s listed in that group. In addition, anygroup IQI may be used for any material with a higher groupnumber, provided the applicable quality level is maintained.7.2 Materials Groups:7.2.1 Materials Group 01:7.2.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made oftitanium or titanium shall be the predom

26、inant alloying constitu-ent.7.2.1.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is the predomi-nant alloying constituent.7.2.2 Materials Group 02:7.2.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofaluminum or aluminum shall be the predominant alloyingconstituent.7.2.2.2 Use on all alloys of which alumi

27、num is the predomi-nant alloying constituent.7.2.3 Materials Group 03:7.2.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofmagnesium or magnesium shall be the predominant alloyingconstituent.7.2.3.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium is thepredominant alloying constituent.7.2.4 Materials Group

28、1:7.2.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofcarbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel.7.2.4.2 Use on all carbon steel, low-alloy steels, stainlesssteels, and manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze (Superston).67.2.5 Materials Group 2:7.2.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be mad

29、e ofaluminum bronze (Alloy No. 623 of Specification B150M)orequivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 630 ofSpecification B150M) or equivalent.7.2.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all nickel-aluminum bronzes.6Superston is a registered trademark of Superston Corp., Jersey City, NJ.TABLE 1 W

30、ire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity NumbersSET A SET BWire Diameterin. (mm)Wire IdentityWire Diameterin. (mm)Wire Identity0.0032 (0.08)A1 0.010 (0.25) 60.004 (0.1) 2 0.013 (0.33) 70.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.4) 80.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 90.008 (0.2) 5 0.025 (0.64) 100.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11SET C S

31、ET DWire Diameterin. (mm)Wire IdentityWire Diameterin. (mm)Wire Identity0.032 (0.81) 11 0.10 (2.5) 160.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.2) 170.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 180.063 (1.6) 14 0.20 (5.1) 190.080 (2.03) 15 0.25 (6.4) 200.100 (2.5) 16 0.32 (8) 21AThe 0.0032 wire may be used to establish a special qua

32、lity level as agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier.E747 04 (2010)27.2.6 Materials Group 3:7.2.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofnickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. N06600) (Inconel).7(See Specification B166).7.2.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 18 %nickel-mara

33、ging steel.7.2.7 Materials Group 4:7.2.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made of 70to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel)8(Class A or B of Specifi-cation B164) or equivalent, or 70 to 30 copper-nickel alloy(Alloy G of Specification B161) or equivalent.7.2.7.2 Use on nickel, copper, all nickel-

34、copper series, orcopper-nickel series of alloys, and all brasses (copper-zincalloys). Group 4 IQIs may include the leaded brasses sinceleaded brass increases in attenuation with increase in leadcontent. This would be equivalent to using a lower group IQI.7.2.8 Materials Group 5:7.2.8.1 Image quality

35、 indicators (IQIs) shall be made of tinbronze (Alloy D of Specification B139/B139M).7.2.8.2 Use on tin bronzes including gun-metal and valvebronze, or leaded-tin bronze of higher lead content than valvebronze. Group 5 IQIs may include bronze of higher lead7Inconel is a registered trademark of The In

36、ternational Nickel Co., Inc.,Huntington, WV 25720.8Monel is a registered trademark of The International Nickel Co., Inc.,Huntington, WV 25720.FIG. 1 Set A/Alternate 1FIG. 2 Set A/Alternate 2E747 04 (2010)3content since leaded bronze increases in attenuation withincrease in lead content. This would b

37、e equivalent to using alower group IQI.NOTE 1In developing the eight listed materials groups, a number ofother trade names or other nominal alloy designations were evaluated. Forthe purpose of making this practice as useful as possible, these materialsare listed and categorized, by group, as follows

38、:(1) Group 2Haynes Alloy IN-100.9(2) Group 3HaynesAlloy No. 713C, Hastelloy D10, G.E.Alloy SEL,Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 21, GMR-235 Alloy, Haynes Alloy No. 93,Inconel X7, Inconel 718, and Haynes Stellite Alloy No. S-816.(3) Group 4Hastelloy Alloy F, Hastelloy Alloy X, and MultimeterAlloy Rene 41.(4

39、) Group 5Alloys in order of increasing attenuation: HastelloyAlloy B, Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31, Thetaloy,Haynes Stellite No. 3, Haynes Alloy No. 25. Image quality indicators9All Haynes alloys are registered trademarks of Union Carbide Corp., NewYork, NY.10All Hastelloys and Ha

40、ynes Stellite alloys are registered trademarks of theCabot Corp., Boston, MA.FIG. 3 Set B/Alternate 1FIG. 4 Set B/Alternate 2E747 04 (2010)4(IQIs) of any of these materials are considered applicable for thematerials that follow it.NOTE 2The committee formulating these recommendations recom-mend othe

41、r materials may be added to the materials groups listed as theneed arises or as more information is gained, or that additional materialsgroups may be added.7.3 Method for Other Materials:7.3.1 For materials not herein covered, IQIs of the samematerials, or any other material, may be used if the foll

42、owingrequirements are met. Two blocks of equal thickness, one ofthe material to be examined (production material) and one ofthe IQI material, shall be radiographed on one film by oneexposure at the lowest energy level to be used for production.Transmission densitometer measurements of the radiograph

43、icimage of each material shall be made. The density of eachimage shall be between 2.0 and 4.0. If the image density of theIQI material is within 1.00 to 1.15 times (0 % to + 15 %) theimage density of the production material, IQIs made of thatIQI material may be used in radiography of that production

44、material. The percentage figure is based on the radiographicdensity of the IQI material.7.3.2 It shall always be permissible to use IQIs of similarcomposition as the material being examined.8. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Certification8.1 Documents shall be provided by the IQI manufacturerattesting

45、 to the following:FIG. 5 Set C/Alternate 1FIG. 6 Set C/Alternate 2E747 04 (2010)58.1.1 IQI identification alternate, if used.8.1.2 Material type.8.1.3 Conformance to specified tolerances for dimensionalvalues.FIG. 7 Set D/Alternate 1FIG. 8 Set D/Alternate 2E747 04 (2010)68.1.4 ASTM standard designat

46、ion, for example, ASTME747(year designation) used for manufacturing.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision and BiasNo statement is made about theprecision or bias for indicating the quality of images since theresults merely state whether there is conformance to the criteriafor success specified in this

47、practice.10. Keywords10.1 density; image quality level; IQI; radiologic; radiol-ogy; X-ray and gamma radiationANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. ALTERNATE IQI IDENTIFICATIONA1.1 The use of IQIs with identifications as shown onFigs. A1.1-A1.9 and as listed in Table A1.1 is permitted as anacceptable alte

48、rnate provided all other requirements of PracticeE747 are satisfied.TABLE 2 Wire Diameter Tolerances, mmWire Diameter (d), mm Tolerance, mm0.000 d# 0.125 60.00250.125 d # 0.25 60.0050.25 d # 0.5 60.010.50 d # 1.6 60.021.6 d # 4 60.034.0 d # 8 60.05TABLE 3 Wire Diameter Tolerances, in.Wire Diameter (

49、d), in. Tolerance, in.0.000 d # 0.005 60.00010.005 d # 0.010 60.00020.010 d # 0.020 60.00040.020 d # 0.063 60.00080.063 d # 0.160 60.00120.160 d # 0.320 60.0020FIG. A1.1 Set A/Alternate 1E747 04 (2010)7FIG. A1.2 Set A/Alternate 2FIG. A1.3 Set B/Alternate 1E747 04 (2010)8FIG. A1.4 Set B/Alternate 2FIG. A1.5 Set C/Alternate 1E747 04 (2010)9FIG. A1.6 Set C/Alternate 2FIG. A1.7 Set D/Alternate 1E747 04 (2010)10FIG. A1.8 Set D/Alternate 2NOTE 1All other IQI requirements as shown on Figs. 1-8 or Figs. A1.1-A1.8 apply.FIG. A1.9 Alternate I