1、Designation: E 754 80 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forPullout Resistance of Ties and Anchors Embedded inMasonry Mortar Joints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 754; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe attachment of masonry walls to building exteriors has been based largely on experience and
3、professional judgment. Codes and standards requirements relating to the attachment of masonryveneer and nonload-bearing masonry walls generally specify the size and spacing of the fasteners tobe provided (ties or anchors) rather than the forces to be resisted. In addition, there are very limiteddata
4、 available on the structural performance of most types of fasteners currently used in masonryconstruction.This test method is recommended for determining conservative ultimate pullout values of masonryfasteners under conditions that approach those usually found in the upper courses of masonry wallco
5、nstruction, which experience little or practically no vertical load restraint. Its use is recommendeduntil more comprehensive methods are developed which can evaluate, economically, the capacity ofmasonry ties and anchors to resist pullout loads, giving due consideration to service parameters suchas
6、 expanse of surrounding wall area and in-plane dead loads.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides procedures for determiningthe ability of individual masonry ties and anchors to resistextraction from a masonry mortar joint.1.2 Two laboratory testing procedures are provided for usewith test specimens w
7、hich consist of a masonry tie or anchorembedded in mortar between twin stack-bonded masonry units.1.2.1 Procedure AFor use with small (brick-size) ma-sonry units.1.2.2 Procedure BFor use with large (block-size) ma-sonry units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any,
8、associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStruct
9、ural Clay TileC 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars(Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C 140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ConcreteMasonry Units and Related UnitsC 144 Specification for Aggregate for Masonry MortarC 270 Specification for Mortar for Unit
10、 MasonryE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ingE 171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning andTesting Flexible Barrier MaterialsE 575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements
11、, Connections, and As-semblies1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.13on Structural Performance of Connections in Building Constructions.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published Octobe
12、r 2006. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 754 80 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
13、 Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E6.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 These procedures pro
14、vide for a static pullout test of a tieor anchor embedded in a hardened mortar joint between twomasonry units.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended to provide a simpleinexpensive means of generating conservative, comparativedata on pullout strengths of various ties and anchors used
15、 withdifferent types of masonry units and mortars. This test methodis recommended for such use until economical, improvedmethods can be developed to simulate service conditions moreinclusively.6. Apparatus6.1 Procedure A (Using Brick-Size Masonry Units):6.1.1 The testing machine shall conform to the
16、 requirementsof Practices E4.6.1.2 Auxiliary pulling apparatus is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig.2. These fixtures are provided with swivel joints and rollerbearings to eliminate lateral restraint and bending when apply-ing the pullout loads. The apparatus shall be designed to haveenough strength and stiff
17、ness to prevent its yielding (in order tominimize apparatus deformation) and to maintain uniformdistribution of the axially applied test loads until failure of thespecimen occurs.6.2 Procedure B (Using Block-Size Masonry Units)Apparatus for this procedure is shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Itsspecial pu
18、rpose is to avoid handling an unwieldy specimen inapparatus such as that used in Procedure A by applying pulloutloads to the specimen placed on a convenient work surface.The apparatus shall be of sufficient strength and stiffness tominimize bending deformations that would tend to promote aflexural b
19、ond failure of the mortar joint; and it shall have thecapacity to develop the pullout failure load of the fastenerwithout yielding.6.3 For both Procedures A and B, the apparatus is madefrom common rolled metal sections and other stock items. Theknockdown jig used for pulling the end of the fastenerp
20、rotruding from the masonry also serves as a reusable mold forcasting a gypsum head on that end of the fastener. The mold/jigis reassembled around the gypsum pulling head when testing.6.4 InstrumentationDisplacement of the fastener relativeto the masonry shall be measured by a dial gage or by anelect
21、ronic displacement transducer (for example, a linearvariable differential transformer (LVDT). The instrument usedshall be capable of reading 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) and beaccurate to 1 %.7. Test Specimen7.1 Sampling of Fasteners (Masonry Ties or Anchors)Test at least five specimens of a given type of f
22、astener for eachgiven combination of masonry constituent materials. Morespecimens may be needed depending on the variability of themasonry constituents. If necessary, determine suitable statisti-cal parameters to evaluate the composite variability and toFIG. 1 Procedure A Apparatus and SetupE 754 80
23、 (2006)2select the number of specimens needed for obtaining a givenminimum precision in determining the capacity of the fastener.7.2 Sampling and Testing of Masonry UnitsSelect repre-sentative masonry units and test according to applicablestandard test methods (Methods C 67 and C 140) to determineba
24、sic properties.7.3 Sampling and Testing of Mortar Use mortar that isrepresentative of that specified for the intended construction;or, for comparative research data, select one of the types ofmortar specified in Specification C 270. Determine the com-pressive strength of the mortar in accordance wit
25、h Test MethodC 109/C 109M except that the sand shall conform to Specifi-cation C 144. Allow the mortar to cure undisturbed for 24 h inthe molds. Release the cubes and store them in the sameatmosphere as the pullout test specimens, as specified in 7.5.Determine and record the 28-day compressive stren
26、gth of themortar (at least three cubes for each set of five pulloutspecimens), and the sieve analysis of the sand used.7.4 FabricationConstruct at least five specimens for agiven combination of variables. Make each specimen a single-wythe (one-tier), stack-bonded, two-unit prism containing onetie or
27、 anchor. Unless otherwise specified, make the singlemortar joint38 in. (10 mm) thick. Embed the fastener asrequired for its proper use at the midlength of the masonryunits. (Unless otherwise specified, use a full bed of mortar onsolid masonry units (without furrowing the mortar bed), andfully bed th
28、e face shells of hollow units.) Strike the mortar jointflush with the faces of the masonry units without tooling. Markthe lower masonry unit for future reference (8.4.2).7.5 Curing and Handling:7.5.1 Cure all pullout specimens and corresponding mortarcube specimens for 28 days. Unless other conditio
29、ns arespecified, cure and test all specimens in laboratory air main-tained at 73F (23C) and 50 % relative humidity as providedby Specification E 171.7.5.2 To prevent accidental failure of mortar bond in thejoints, do not disturb the pullout specimens for at least 14 days.After that time they may be
30、handled with care in order tocomplete capping operations before testing at a specimen ageof 28 days.8. Procedure8.1 Gypsum Capping Test Specimens To provide asmooth bearing surface on the fastener side of the fabricatedspecimen, apply a gypsum plaster cap. Taking care to preventthe gypsum paste from
31、 bridging the mortar joint, cap theNOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 2 Procedure A Apparatus and SetupE 754 80 (2006)3masonry unit faces beyond which the fastener protrudes, in thesame general way described under “Gypsum Plaster Capping”of Methods C67orC140, except:8.1.1 Procedure A SpecimensFor a casting
32、surface onwhich to spread the gypsum plaster, use the notched metalcapping plate (Fig. 5) elevated on supports that are highenough to accommodate the protruding fastener in a hangingposition.8.1.2 Procedure B SpecimensCap specimens made ofblock-size units in an inverted position with the fastener si
33、deup. To cap the test load-bearing surface of these specimens, bedthe half-ring plates (two halves held coplanar by attachment toa whole-ring plate: Fig. 6) in a thin coat of gypsum paste thathas been spread on the masonry unit faces on the side towardthe fastener.8.2 Casting the Gypsum Pulling Head
34、s In order to gripthe end of the fastener with the pulling apparatus, cast a slug ofhigh-strength gypsum around the protruding end in an uprightposition (for example, Fig. 6) using the four-piece mold shownin Fig. 7 (Part A). For casting, support the assembled mold soas to enclose the maximum availa
35、ble length of the fastener, butleaving exposed the necessary length to accommodate thepulling apparatus when testing (Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). The moldmust be coaxial with the fastener. If necessary, mechanicalanchoring of the fastener in the gypsum casting can beincreased by bending the end of the faste
36、ner, or by attaching(for example, by welding) a small suitable auxiliary anchor.Coat the inner surfaces of the mold with a light film of oil, andcast the head using high-strength capping gypsum. Beforeremoving the mold after the gypsum has set, mark the head toidentify its position relative to the m
37、old; this will makepossible a matching fit when reassembling the mold/jig on thegypsum pulling head for testing. Casting must be completed intime to allow the gypsum to attain sufficient strength for testingthe pullout specimens at an age of 28 days.8.3 Pullout Testing:8.3.1 Pulling-Head GripIn both
38、 Procedures A and B,reassemble the mold/pulling jig on the gypsum head of the testspecimen oriented so that originally matching surfaces are incontact.8.3.2 Procedure A (Small, Masonry-Unit Specimens)Center the specimen in the auxiliary pulling apparatus anduniversal testing machine as shown in Fig.
39、 1 and Fig. 2. Thespecimen must also rest symmetrically on the bearing platesand rollers.8.3.3 Procedure B (Large, Masonry-Unit Specimens)Place the specimen on a sponge rubber mat and assemble thespecial pulling apparatus centrally on the specimen, position-ing the roller bearings parallel to the mo
40、rtar joint (Fig. 3 andFig. 4).NOTE 1Detach the two half-ring plates which were used for cappingfrom the whole-ring plate and reinstall on the plaster caps; these threeplates serve as bearing plates for the rollers between them (Fig. 3 and Fig.4).8.3.4 Gage MountingMount the displacement measuringgag
41、e to detect the movement of the end of the pulling rodrelative to the masonry (Figs. 1-4). This movement is taken tobe equal to the displacement of the fastener under load, relativeto the surrounding masonry.NOTE 2For the magnitude of the loads and displacements accompa-nying these test conditions,
42、it is not likely that elongation of the apparatuswill be significant. However, if necessary, such measurements can becorrected by calibration-test data for an equivalent setup using a rigidmock-up (steel block and rod) in place of the masonry and fastenerspecimen.8.3.5 LoadingApply an initial load t
43、o the specimen ofabout 5 % of the fasteners estimated maximum pullout capac-ity in order to bring all elements of the pulling apparatus intotensile contact. The initial load value may be adjusted forsubsequent tests of replicate specimens, depending on theresults of preceding tests. Set the displace
44、ment measuring gageto zero while maintaining the initial load constant. Continue toapply increasing load at the rate of 20 % of the estimatedfastener maximum capacity per minute until failure occurs.Record at least eight intermediate load/displacement measure-ments in addition to the initial and max
45、imum values atapproximately equal load intervals.NOTE 3A convenient way of recording the entire test load/displacement history is by means of an electronic X-Y plotter used with anLVDT displacement transducer and an electronic (a) center-hole loadtransducer in line with the pulling apparatus, or (b)
46、 pressure transducertapped into the hydraulic system of the loading apparatus (if such is used).See Fig. 8.8.4 Observation of FailureNote and record whether thefailure was:FIG. 3 Procedure B Apparatus and SetupE 754 80 (2006)4(b)NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 4 Procedure B Apparatus and SetupFIG. 5 Notc
47、hed Metal Plate Used for Capping Specimens in Procedure AE 754 80 (2006)58.4.1 Failure of the bond between the tie or anchor and themortar, resulting in a pullout of the fastener without separationof the masonry units;8.4.2 Failure of the bond between a masonry unit and themortar (note also, relativ
48、e to the fastener, which of the twointerfaces of the joint separated) resulting in collapse of the testspecimen; or8.4.3 Yielding or fracture of the fastener.9. Calculation9.1 Determine the adjusted displacement measurements byplotting observed displacement measurements (8.3.5) in func-tion of appli
49、ed loads and extrapolating a smooth curve throughthe data points back to an adjusted origin at zero load.FIG. 6 Half-Ring and Whole-Ring Plates Used for Capping and Load Bearing in Procedure BNOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 7 Mold/Grip (A) and Yoke (B) Used in Procedures A and BE 754 80 (2006)6Determine the adjusted displacement at any load from the plotrelative to the adjusted origin.9.2 For each set of five specimens (or more if specified: 7.1)calculate the arithmetic means of the maximum loads and ofthe corresponding displacements.10. Report10.1 T
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