1、Designation: E777 17Standard Test Method forCarbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E777; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of totalcarbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF).Both carbo
3、n and hydrogen are determined in one operation.This test method yields the total percentages of carbon andhydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not onlythe carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also thecarbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen presentin the free mo
4、isture accompanying the analysis sample as wellas hydrogen present as water of hydration.NOTE 1It is recognized that certain technical applications of the dataderived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. Thesecorrections could involve compensation for the carbon present ascar
5、bonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysissample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.1.2 This test method may be applicable to any wastematerial from which a laboratory analysis sample can beprepared.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
6、standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health and environmental practices and
7、 deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevel
8、opment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementE180 Practice for Determini
9、ng the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)3E790 Test Method for Residual Moisture in Refuse-DerivedFuel Analysis SamplesE791 Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived FuelAnalysis Data from As-Determined to Different BasesE829 Pr
10、actice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)Laboratory Samples for Analysis3. Terminology3.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology D5681.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The determination is made by burning the sample toconvert all of the carbon to carbon dioxide and al
11、l of thehydrogen to water. The combustion is carried out by high-purity oxygen that has been passed through a purifying train.The carbon dioxide and water are recovered in an absorptiontrain. The combustion tube packing is used to remove anyinterfering substances. This test method gives the total pe
12、rcent-ages of carbon and hydrogen in the RDF as analyzed, includingthe carbon in carbonates and the hydrogen in any form ofwater.5. Significance and Use5.1 The standard sample is available to producers and usersof RDF as a method of determining the weight percent ofcarbon and hydrogen in the analysi
13、s sample.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition ap
14、proved in 2008 as E777 08 which waswithdrawn July 2017 and reinstated in September 2017. DOI: 10.1520/E0777-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the s
15、tandards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordan
16、ce with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.2 Carbon and hydrogen are part of
17、 the ultimate analysis ofa fuel and can be used for calculations of combustion param-eters.6. Apparatus6.1 Oxygen-Purifying TrainThe high-purity oxygen ispassed through water and carbon dioxide absorbers prior to usefor combustion. The oxygen-purifying train consists of thefollowing three units in o
18、rder of passage of oxygen (see Fig. 1):6.1.1 First Water AbsorberAcontainer constructed so thatthe oxygen must pass through a column of reagent. Thecontainer shall have a capacity for at least 45 cm3of solidreagent, and the minimum gas travel through the reagent shallbe at least 80 mm. A container o
19、f large volume and long pathof oxygen travel through the reagent will be found to beadvantageous where many carbon and hydrogen determina-tions are made.6.1.2 Carbon Dioxide AbsorberIf solid reagents are usedfor carbon dioxide absorption, the container shall be asdescribed in 6.1.1. If a solution is
20、 used, the container shall bea Vanier bulb. It shall provide a column of reagent adequate toremove the carbon dioxide completely.6.1.3 Second Water AbsorberSame as specified in 6.1.1.6.2 Flow Meter, used to permit volumetric measurement ofthe rate of flow of oxygen during the determination. It shall
21、 besuitable for measuring flow rates within the range from 50 to100 mL/min (standard temperature and pressure). The use of adouble-stage pressure-reducing regulator with gage and needlevalve is recommended to permit easy and accurate adjustmentto the rate of flow.6.3 Combustion Unit, consisting of t
22、hree electrically heatedfurnace sections, individually controlled, which may bemounted on rails for easy movement. The upper part of eachfurnace may be hinged so that it can be opened for inspectionof the combustion tube. The three furnace sections shall be asfollows (see Fig. 1):6.3.1 Furnace Secti
23、on 1Furnace 1 is nearest the oxygeninlet end of the combustion tube, approximately 130 mm longand used to heat the inlet end of the combustion tube and thesample. It shall be capable of rapidly attaining an operatingtemperature of 875 6 25 C.NOTE 2Combustion tube temperature shall be measured by mea
24、ns ofa thermocouple placed immediately adjacent to the tube near the center ofthe appropriate tube section.6.3.2 Furnace Section 2Furnace 2 shall be approximately330 mm in length and used to heat that portion of the tube filledwith cupric oxide. The operating temperature shall be 850 620 C (see Note
25、 2).6.3.3 Furnace Section 3Furnace 3 shall be approximately230 mm long, and used to heat that portion of the tube filledwith lead chromate or silver. The operating temperature shallbe 500 6 50 C.6.3.4 Combustion Tube, made of fused quartz, or high-silicaglass and having a nominal inside diameter whi
26、ch may varywithin the limits of 19 to 22 mm and a minimum total lengthof 970 mm. The exit end shall be tapered down to provide atubulated section for connection to the absorption train. Thetubulated section shall have a length of 20 to 25 mm, aninternal diameter of not less than 3 mm, and an externa
27、ldiameter of approximately 7 mm. The total length of thereduced end shall not exceed 60 mm. If a translucent fusedquartz tube is used, a transparent section 190 mm long, located250 mm from the oxygen inlet end of the tube, will be foundconvenient (see Fig. 2).6.3.5 Combustion Boat, made of glazed po
28、rcelain, fusedsilica, or platinum. Boats with internal dimensions of approxi-mately 70 by 8 by 8 mm have been found convenient.6.4 Absorption Train, identical to the oxygen absorptiontrain indicated in 6.1 to obtain system equilibrium. Therefore,the absorption train shall consist of the following un
29、its ar-ranged as listed in the order of passage of oxygen (see Fig. 1):6.4.1 First Water Absorber, as described in 6.1.1.6.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Absorber, as described in 6.1.2.6.4.3 Second Water Absorber, as described in 6.1.3. Thesecond water absorber is also known as a guard tube.A = flowmeter (6.2)
30、 E, F, G, H, I = combustion unit (6.3)B, C, D = oxygen purifying train (6.1) E = furnace 1 (6.3.1)B = first water absorber (6.1.1) F = furnace 2 (6.3.2)C = carbon dioxide absorber (6.1.2) G = furnace 3 (6.3.3)D = second water absorber (6.1.3) H = combustion tube (6.3.4)I = combustion boat (6.3.5)J,
31、K, L = absorption train (6.4)J = first water absorber (6.4.1)K = carbon dioxide absorber (6.4.2)L = guard tube (6.4.3)NOTE 1C and K can substitute a Vanier bulb if liquid absorbent is used.FIG. 1 Setup of ApparatusE777 1727. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent-grade chemicals shall beused in all t
32、ests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of theAmericanChemical Society, where such specifications are available.4Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained thatthe reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its usewi
33、thout lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water, Type III,conforming to Specification D1193.7.3 Oxygen, with minimum acceptable purity 99.5 %.NOTE 3If the blank tests for flow (see 10.3.2) i
34、ndicate interferingimpurities in the oxygen supply by consistent weight gain in the absorbers,eliminate these impurities by using a preheater furnace and tube, filledwith cupric oxide. Operate this preheater at 850 6 20 C and insert inseries between the supply tank of oxygen and the purification tra
35、in.7.4 Combustion Tube Reagents:7.4.1 Cupric Oxide (CuO), wire form, dust-free.7.4.2 Fused Lead Chromate (PbCrO4), approximately 2.38to 0.84 mm in size.7.4.3 Silver Gauze, 99.9 % silver minimum purity, 0.84 mm,made from approximately No. 27 B wearingdust masks (NIOSH-approved type), especially while
36、 millingRDF samples; conducting tests under a negative pressure hoodwhen possible; and washing hands before eating or smoking.9. Sampling9.1 RDF products are frequently nonhomogeneous. For thisreason, significant care should be exercised to obtain a repre-sentative laboratory sample from the RDF lot
37、 to be character-ized.9.2 The sampling method for this procedure should be basedon agreement between the involved parties.9.3 The laboratory sample must be air-dried and particlesize reduced to pass a 0.5-mm screen as described in PracticeE829. This procedure must be performed carefully to preservet
38、he samples representative characteristics (other than particlesize) while preparing the analysis sample to be used in theprocedures.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Combustion Tube PackingTo ensure complete oxi-dation of combustion products and complete removal ofinterfering substances such as oxide
39、s of sulfur, the combustiontube shall be packed with cupric oxide and lead chromate orsilver gauze. The arrangement and lengths of the tube fillingsand separating plugs shall be as shown in Fig. 2 (see Note 5).It is recommended that the tube be placed in a vertical position4Reagent Chemicals, Americ
40、an Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary,
41、U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.5Tradenames of this reagent are Anhydrone or Dehydrite.A = clear fused quartz section (optional when a translucent quartz tube is used)B = cupric oxide fillingC = lead chromate or silver gauze fillingP1,P2,P3= oxidized copper gauze plugsNOTE 1
42、When furnace sections longer than those specified in 6.3 are to be used, changes in the above dimensions shall be in accordance withprovisions of Note 5.FIG. 2 Arrangement of Tube Filling for Combustion TubeE777 173(constricted end downward) for packing. When filling the tubewith lead chromate, any
43、residual reagent adhering to the wallsof the empty portion of the tube must be removed. When silvergauze is used as a tube filling, the required length of filling maybe prepared conveniently from three or four strips 150 to200 mm in length, by rolling each strip into a cylindrical plugand inserting
44、the strips end-to-end in the tube.NOTE 5Longer furnaces with appropriate lengths of tube packing willbe satisfactory.10.2 Purification and Absorption Trains:10.2.1 Water AbsorbersFill a container, described in6.1.1, with a permissible solid desiccant, as described in 7.5.1,by adding the required amo
45、unt in small portions and settlingeach portion by gently tapping between additions. Place a glasswool plug between the reagent and absorber outlet to preventloss of reagent dust.10.2.2 Carbon Dioxide AbsorbersIf a solid reagent is usedfor the retention of carbon dioxide (7.5.2), fill the absorber(6.
46、1.2), as described in 10.2.1. Place a layer or cap of desiccantin the outlet section of the container; it shall be the same as thatused in the water absorber. This layer shall have a bulk volumenot less than one-fourth nor more than one-third of thecombined volume of both reagents.10.2.2.1 If a liqu
47、id absorbent is used, fill the inner tube ofthe Vanier bulb with the same desiccant used in the waterabsorber. If a solid absorbent is used, place a glass wool plugin the outlet section of the container to prevent loss of reagentdust.10.2.3 Guard TubePack a container, as described in 6.1.1,with equa
48、l volumes of the water absorbent and a solid carbondioxide absorbent.10.2.4 ConnectionsTo ensure a closed system from thesupply tank of oxygen to the guard tube at the end of theabsorption train, it is recommended that all connections beglass-to-glass or glass-to-quartz butt joints with short length
49、sof flexible tubing as seals. The connection between thepurification train and the combustion tube may be made bymeans of a rubber stopper or other suitable device. Allconnections shall be gastight. No lubricant shall be used formaking tubing connections in the absorption train.10.3 Conditioning of Apparatus:10.3.1 Newly Packed Combustion TubeBurn a sample ofRDF as described in 11.4 except that the products of combus-tion need not be fixed in a weighed absorption train.10.3.2 Used Combustion TubeAfter any extended shutdown (one day or more) test the comb
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