1、Designation: E777 17E777 17aStandard Test Method forCarbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E777; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers is for the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel
3、(RDF). Bothcarbon and hydrogen are determined in one operation.analysis. This test method yields the total percentages of carbon andhydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not only the carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbonpresent in mineral carbonates and the hyd
4、rogen present in the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydrogenpresent as water of hydration.NOTE 1It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. Thesecorrections could involve compensation
5、 for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample, and thecalculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.1.3 The values stated i
6、n SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, heal
7、th, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Deci
8、sion on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Manage
9、mentE180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Specialty Chemicals(Withdrawn 2009)3E790 Test Method for Residual Moisture in Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis SamplesE791 Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis Data from As-Dete
10、rmined to Different BasesE829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Laboratory Samples for Analysis3. Terminology3.1 For definitiondefinitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D5681.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The determination is made by burning the sample to conv
11、ert all of the carbon to carbon dioxide and all of the hydrogen towater.The combustion is carried out byusing high-purity oxygen that has been passed through a purifying train.The carbon dioxideand water are recovered in an absorption train. The combustion Combustion tube packing is used to remove a
12、ny interfering1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017Dec. 1, 2017. Published September 2017December 2017. Originally approved
13、in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20082017as E777 08E777 17. which was withdrawn July 2017 and reinstated in September 2017. DOI: 10.1520/E0777-17.DOI: 10.1520/E0777-17A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
14、For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may
15、 not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
16、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1substances. This test method gives the total percentagespercentage of carbon and hydrogen in the RDF as analyzed, including thecarbon in carbonates and the hydrogen in any form of water.5. Significance and Use5.1 TheThis standard
17、sample is available to producers and users of RDF as a method ofintended to provide a method fordetermining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in the an RDF analysis sample.5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are part of the ultimate analysis of a fuel and components of RDF and, when determined, can be u
18、sedfor calculations ofcalculating RDF combustion parameters.characteristics.6. Apparatus6.1 Oxygen-Purifying Oxygen Purifying TrainThe high-purity High-purity oxygen is passed through water and carbon dioxideabsorbers prior to use for combustion. The oxygen-purifying oxygen purifying train consists
19、of the following three unitscompo-nents in order of gas passage of oxygen (see Fig. 1):6.1.1 First Water AbsorberA container constructed sosuch that the oxygen must pass through a column of water-removingreagent. The container shall have a capacity for at least 45 cm3 of solid reagent, and the minim
20、um gas travel distance traveledthrough the reagent shall be at least 80 mm. A container of large volume and long path of oxygen travel through the reagent willbe found to be advantageous where many carbon and hydrogen determinations are made.6.1.2 Carbon Dioxide AbsorberIf solid reagents are used fo
21、r carbon dioxide absorption, the container shall be as describedin 6.1.1. If a solution is used, the container shall be a Vanier bulb. It shall provide a column of reagent adequate to remove thecarbon dioxide completely.carbon dioxide below the testing laboratorys analytic reporting limit.6.1.3 Seco
22、nd Water AbsorberSame as specified in 6.1.1.6.2 Flow Meter, used to permit volumetric measurement of the rate of flow of oxygen during the determination. It shall besuitable for measuring flow rates within the range from 50 to 100 mL/min (standard temperature and pressure). mL/min. The useof a doubl
23、e-stage pressure-reducing regulator with gage and needle valve is recommended to permit easy and accurate adjustmentto the rate of flow.6.3 Combustion Unit, consisting of three electrically heated furnace sections, individually controlled, which may be mountedon rails for easy movement.The upper par
24、t of each furnace may be hinged so that it can be opened for inspection of the combustiontube. The three furnace sections shall be as follows (see Fig. 1):6.3.1 Furnace Section 1Furnace 1 is nearest the oxygen inlet end of the combustion tube, approximately 130 mm long andused to heat the inlet end
25、of the combustion tube and the sample. It shall be capable of rapidly attaining an operating temperatureof 875 6 25 C.NOTE 2Combustion tube temperature shall be measured by means of a thermocouple placed immediately adjacent to the tube near the center of theappropriate tube section.6.3.2 Furnace Se
26、ction 2Furnace 2 shall be approximately 330 mm in length and used to heat that portion of the tube filledwith cupric oxide. The operating temperature shall be 850 6 20 C (see Note 2).6.3.3 Furnace Section 3Furnace 3 shall be approximately 230 mm long, and used to heat that portion of the tube filled
27、 withlead chromate or silver. The operating temperature shall be 500 6 50 C.A = flowmeter (6.2) E, F, G, H, I = combustion unit (6.3)B, C, D = oxygen purifying train (6.1) E = furnace 1 (6.3.1)B = first water absorber (6.1.1) F = furnace 2 (6.3.2)C = carbon dioxide absorber (6.1.2) G = furnace 3 (6.
28、3.3)D = second water absorber (6.1.3) H = combustion tube (6.3.4)I = combustion boat (6.3.5)J, K, L = absorption train (6.4)J = first water absorber (6.4.1)K = carbon dioxide absorber (6.4.2)L = guard tube (6.4.3)NOTE 1C and K can substitute a Vanier bulb if liquid absorbent is used.FIG. 1 SetupCons
29、truction of Oxygen Purifying ApparatusE777 17a26.3.4 Combustion Tube, made of fused quartz, or high-silica glass and having a nominal inside diameter which may vary withinthe limits of 19 to 22 mm and a minimum total length of 970 mm. The exit end shall be tapered down to provide a tubulated section
30、for connection to the absorption train. The tubulated section shall have a length of 20 to 25 mm, an internal diameter of not lessthan 3 mm, and an external diameter of approximately 7 mm. The total length of the reduced end shall not exceed 60 mm. If atranslucent fused quartz tube is used, a transp
31、arent section 190 mm long, located 250 mm from the oxygen inlet end of the tube,will be found convenient (see Fig. 2).6.3.5 Combustion Boat, made of glazed porcelain, fused silica, or platinum. Boats with internal dimensions of approximately70 by 8 by 8 mm have been found convenient.convenient to us
32、e in this analysis.6.4 Absorption Train, identical to the oxygen absorption train indicateddescribed in 6.1 to obtain system equilibrium. Therefore,the . The absorption train shall consist of the following unitscomponents arranged as listed in which corresponds to the order ofpassage of oxygen oxyge
33、n passage through the apparatus (see Fig. 1):6.4.1 First Water Absorber, as described in 6.1.1.6.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Absorber, as described in 6.1.2.6.4.3 Second Water Absorber, as described in 6.1.3. The second water absorber is also known as a guard tube.7. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent-gra
34、de chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allreagents shall conform to the specifications of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available.3 Othergrades may be used, provided it is first ascertaineddetermined that the reagent is
35、 of sufficiently high purity to permit its use withoutlessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water, Type III,conforming to Specification D1193.7.3 Oxygen, with minimum acceptable purity 99.5 %
36、.NOTE 3If the blank tests for flow (see 10.3.2) indicate interfering impurities in the oxygen supply by consistent weight gain in the absorbers, eliminatethese impurities by using a preheater furnace and tube, filled with cupric oxide. Operate this preheater at 850 6 20 C and insert in series betwee
37、n thesupply tank of oxygen and the purification train.7.4 Combustion Tube Reagents:7.4.1 Cupric Oxide (CuO), wire form, dust-free.7.4.2 Fused Lead Chromate (PbCrO4), approximately 2.38 to 0.84 mm in size.7.4.3 Silver Gauze, 99.9 % silver minimum purity, 0.84 mm, made from approximately No. 27 Bweari
38、ng dust masks (NIOSH-approved type),RDF samples; wearing NIOSH-approved type dust masks, especially while millingRDF samples; conducting tests under a negative pressure hood when possible; hood; and washing hands before eating orsmoking.with soap and water after completing the analysis.9. Sampling9.
39、1 RDF products are frequently nonhomogeneous.inhomogeneous. For this reason, significant care should be exercised toobtain ensure that a representative laboratory sample from the RDF lot to be characterized.characterized is obtained.9.2 The sampling method for this procedure should be based on agree
40、ment between the involved parties.9.3 The laboratory sample must be air-dried and particle size reduced to pass through a 0.5-mm screen as described in PracticeE829. This procedure must be performed carefully performed to preserve the samples representative characteristics (other thanparticle size)s
41、amples representativeness excepting particle size while preparing the analysis sample to be used in theprocedures.for analysis.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Combustion Tube PackingTo ensure complete oxidation of combustion products and complete removal of interferingsubstances such as oxides of s
42、ulfur, sulfur oxides, the combustion tube shall be packed with cupric oxide and lead chromate orsilver gauze. The arrangementconfiguration and lengths of the tube fillings and separating plugs shall be as shown in Fig. 2 (seeNote 5). It is recommended that the tube be placed in a vertical position (
43、constricted end downward) for packing. When filling thetube with lead chromate, any residual reagent adhering to the walls of the empty portion of the tube must be removed. When silvergauze is used as a tube filling, the required length of filling may be prepared conveniently from three or four stri
44、ps 150 to 200 mmin length, by rolling each strip into a cylindrical plug and inserting the strips end-to-end in the tube.NOTE 5Longer furnaces with appropriate lengths of tube packing willcan be satisfactory.used.10.2 Purification and Absorption Trains:10.2.1 Water AbsorbersFill a container, describ
45、ed in 6.1.1, with a permissible solid desiccant, as described in 7.5.1, by addingthe required amount in small portions and settling each portion by gently tapping between additions. Place a glass wool plugbetween the reagent and absorber outlet to prevent loss of reagent dust.10.2.2 Carbon Dioxide A
46、bsorbersIf a solid reagent is used for the retention of carbon dioxide (7.5.2), fill the absorber (6.1.2),)as described in 10.2.1. Place a layer or cap of desiccant in the outlet section of the container; it shall be the same type of dessicantas that used in the water absorber. This layer shall have
47、 a bulk volume not less than one-fourth nor more than one-third of thecombined volume of both reagents.10.2.2.1 If a liquid absorbent is used, fill the inner tube of the Vanier bulb with the same desiccant used in the water absorber.If a solid absorbent is used, place a glass wool plug in the outlet
48、 section of the container to prevent loss of reagent dust.10.2.3 Guard TubePack a container, as described in 6.1.1, with equal volumes of the water absorbent and a solid carbondioxide absorbent.10.2.4 ConnectionsTo ensure a closed system from the oxygen supply tank of oxygen to the guard tube at the
49、 end of theabsorption train, it is recommended that all connections be glass-to-glass or glass-to-quartz butt joints with short lengths of flexibletubing as seals. The connection between the purification train and the combustion tube may be made by means of a rubber stopperor other suitable device. All connections shall be gastight. No lubricant shall be used for making tubing connections in theabsorption train.10.3 Conditioning of Apparatus:10.3.1 Newly Packed Combustion TubeBurn a sample of RDF as described in 11.4 except that the products of combust
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