1、Designation: E 861 94 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forEvaluating Thermal Insulation Materials for Use in SolarCollectors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 861; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth a testing methodology forevaluating the properties of thermal insulation mate
3、rials to beused in solar collectors with concentration ratios of less than10. Tests are given herein to evaluate the pH, surface burningcharacteristics, moisture adsorption, water absorption, thermalresistance, linear shrinkage (or expansion), hot surface perfor-mance, and accelerated aging. This pr
4、actice provides a test forsurface burning characteristics but does not provide a method-ology for determining combustibility performance of thermalinsulation materials.1.2 The tests shall apply to blanket, rigid board, loose-fill,and foam thermal insulation materials used in solar collectors.Other t
5、hermal insulation materials shall be tested in accordancewith the provisions set forth herein and should not be excludedfrom consideration.1.3 The assumption is made that elevated temperature,moisture, and applied stresses are the primary factors contrib-uting to the degradation of thermal insulatio
6、n materials used insolar collectors.1.4 Solar radiation is not considered a contributing factorsince insulating materials are not normally exposed to it.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of th
7、is standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-H
8、ot-Plate ApparatusC 209 Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardC 356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of PreformedHigh-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soak-ing HeatC411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC 518 Test Method for Steady-S
9、tate Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC 553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket ThermalInsulation for Commercial and Industrial ApplicationsC 687 Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance ofLoose-Fill Building InsulationD 2842 Test Method for Water A
10、bsorption of Rigid CellularPlasticsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding Materials3. Summary of Practice3.1 The following factors, in most cases, should be consid-ered when evaluating insulation materials for use in solarcollectors. Design considerations should dictate prior
11、ities inmaterial test evaluations:Factor ReferenceSectionpH 7.2Surface Burning Characteristics 7.3Moisture Adsorption 7.4Water Absorption 7.5Thermal Resistance 7.6Linear Shrinkage (or Expansion) 7.7Hot Surface Performance 7.8Chemical Compatibility 7.9Outgassing 7.10Durability 7.111These test methods
12、 are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 onSolar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct respon-sibility of Subcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Systems andMaterials.Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 19
13、82. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 861 94 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website
14、.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 The exposure conditions in solar collectors, especiallyunder stagnation conditions, may degrade the performance ofthermal insulation materials. This practice
15、 sets forth a meth-odology for evaluating the degree of degradation, if any, of thethermal insulation materials after exposure to simulated in-service conditions.4.2 This practice is also intended to aid in the assessment oflong-term performance by comparative testing of insulationmaterials. However
16、, correlations between performance underlaboratory and actual in-service conditions have not beenestablished.4.3 This practice also sets forth criteria that shall be con-sidered in the selection and specification of thermal insulationmaterials. One such criterion is surface burning characteristics(T
17、est Method E84), which is used by many code officials as areference. This practice does not represent that the numericalvalues obtained in any way reflect the anticipated performanceof the thermal insulation under actual fire conditions.5. Sampling and Test Specimens5.1 Representative specimens shal
18、l be selected at randomfrom the original sample lot for each test condition.5.2 At least three representative specimens shall be mea-sured for each property tested unless otherwise stipulated in aparticular test.5.3 The size and shape of the representative specimens shallbe as specified in the prope
19、rty measurement test.5.4 A separate set of test specimens shall be prepared foreach test.6. Conditioning6.1 Unless otherwise specified, maintain the test specimensin a conditioned space at 24C (75 6 5F) and 50 6 5%relative humidity for at least 48 h before testing.6.2 Maintain test samples in the co
20、nditioned space untilremoved to perform a particular test sequence.7. Procedure7.1 Conduct all the tests described in 7.2-7.11. The se-quence of testing is optional.7.2 pH:7.2.1 Measure the pH of a mixture consisting of the insula-tion material and water with a pH meter using the followingprocedure:
21、7.2.1.1 Pulverize a sample of approximately5goftheinsulation to pass through a 4760-m sieve.7.2.1.2 Mix the pulverized sample with 100 mL of distilledwater at 24C (75 6 5F) in a 500-mL glass beaker.7.2.1.3 Stir the mixture, using a glass rod, and allow to standfor1hat24C (75 6 5F).7.2.1.4 Measure th
22、e pH to the nearest 0.1 unit.7.2.2 Calibrate the pH meter and electrodes before eachtesting sequence using standard buffer solutions. Buffer solu-tion pH shall be within 6 2 pH units of the expected measuredpH.7.3 Surface Burning CharacteristicsDetermine flamespread and smoke-developed classificatio
23、ns of the insulationmaterial in accordance with Test Method E84.7.4 Moisture AdsorptionDetermine the moisture adsorp-tion of the insulation material in accordance with SpecificationC 553. Express the quantity of moisture (water) adsorbed bythe insulation material as a percentage by mass and by volum
24、e.7.5 Water Absorption Determine the water absorption ofthe insulation material in accordance with Methods C 209 orTest Method D 2842 as applicable. Express the quantity ofwater absorbed by the insulation material as a percentage bymass and by volume.7.6 Thermal ResistanceDetermine the thermal resis
25、tanceof the insulation material in accordance with Test MethodsC 518, C 177, or Practice C 687, as applicable.7.7 Linear Shrinkage Determine the linear shrinkage (orexpansion) of the insulation material in accordance with TestMethod C 356, at the expected maximum in-service tempera-ture, including s
26、tagnation conditions.NOTE 1Maximum in-service temperatures, including stagnation con-ditions must be determined by testing the solar collector design underconsideration.7.8 Hot Surface PerformanceDetermine the hot surfaceperformance in accordance with Test Method C411. Testmaterials at the expected
27、maximum in-service temperature,including stagnation conditions. See Note 1.7.9 Chemical Compatibility with Adjoining Material:7.9.1 Cut samples of adjoining materials to be evaluated to100 by 40 mm (3.7 by 1.5 in.) from stock materials and washthoroughly with cr grade isopropyl alcohol. After drying
28、overnight in a desiccator, weigh the samples to at least foursignificant figures. Then photograph the specimens at a mag-nification of 2003.7.9.1.1 Cut samples of the insulation material to be evalu-ated to 145 by 90 mm (5.7 by 3.5 in.) along with a surgicalcotton control sample that has been thorou
29、ghly washed with cpgrade isopropyl alcohol.7.9.1.2 Prepare test samples of the insulation material andcotton control using one piece of adjoining material to twopieces of insulation (or control) forming a sandwich composite.Take care to ensure intimate contact.7.9.2 Subject all the test samples to 4
30、9C (120 6 3F) and95 6 3 % relative humidity for 96 h. Dry the test material in adesiccator, weigh, and record the change in mass. Photographthe test materials in contact with both the insulation and thecotton control at 2003 magnification of any distressed areas.Compare and contrast these photograph
31、s and record the differ-ences.7.9.2.1 Although it is recognized that this test method isappropriate for identifying chemical incompatibility in mostinsulation materials, it must be stated that other temperatureand humidity parameters will also induce distress.7.10 Outgassing (Volatile Condensibles)R
32、elease of vola-tiles from the insulation materials, in some cases, may be asignificant factor that can effect the transmittance of a coverplate, or the properties of the absorber itself, or both. It isexpected that elevated temperatures or reactions, or both,between materials may cause outgassing. A
33、 generally appli-cable test is not presently available to evaluate effects ofoutgassing products. It is essential however, that this factor berecognized.E 861 94 (2007)27.11 Durability:7.11.1 Evaluate the durability of the test sample by measur-ing the thermal resistance of the insulation material i
34、n accor-dance with 7.6 before and after exposure to aging.7.11.2 Measure specimens at least 300 3 300 mm (12 3 12in.).7.11.3 Place the specimen in an aluminum pan as shown inFig. 1.7.11.4 Cover the pan and expose the specimens to maxi-mum in-service temperature, including stagnation conditions(see N
35、ote 1), for 30 days in an electric oven.7.11.5 Determine the change in thermal resistance in accor-dance with Test Methods C 177, C 518, or Practice C 687,asapplicable, after exposure to the aging test.7.11.6 Examine the specimen and record any visiblechanges that may have occurred during accelerate
36、d aging.Observe and record changes, such as cracking, decomposition,delamination, dimensional variations, and warpage, as tonumber and extent of occurrences.8. Report8.1 The report shall include the following:8.1.1 Identification of the Insulation Material:8.1.1.1 Name of manufacturer,8.1.1.2 Generi
37、c nature of insulation material,8.1.1.3 Density, and8.1.1.4 Thickness.8.1.2 pHReport measured pH from 7.2 to the nearest 0.1pH unit.8.1.3 Surface Burning CharacteristicsReport test resultsas calculated by Section 8 of Test Method E84.8.1.4 Moisture AdsorptionReport percentage by mass andby volume as
38、 calculated by 15.4 of Specification C 553.8.1.5 Water Absorption Report percentage by mass andby volume as calculated by 13.4 of Methods C 209 or bySection 9 of Test Method D 2842.8.1.6 Thermal Resistance:8.1.6.1 Report test method used, test temperature differen-tial, density, and thickness.8.1.6.
39、2 Report thermal transmission properties in accor-dance with 9.3 of Test Method C 177, 9.2 of Test MethodC 518, or Section 6 of Practice C 687.8.1.7 Linear Shrinkage (or Expansion):8.1.7.1 Report test temperature used in 7.7.8.1.7.2 Report linear shrinkage (or expansion) as calculatedby Section 6 of
40、 Test Method C 356 and observations inaccordance with 7.2.4, 7.1.5, 7.1.6, 7.1.7, and 7.1.8 of TestMethod C 356.8.1.8 Hot Surface Performance:8.1.8.1 Report test temperature used in 7.8.8.1.8.2 Report warpage as calculated by Section 6 of TestMethod C411 and observations in accordance with 7.1.8,7.1
41、.9, 7.1.12, 7.1.13 of Test Method C411.8.1.9 Chemical Compatibility with Adjoining MaterialsReport observed differences from 7.9.2 and include photo-graphs.8.1.10 Durability Results:8.1.10.1 Report test temperature used in 7.11.4.8.1.10.2 Report the change in thermal resistance expressedas a percent
42、age from 7.11.5.8.1.10.3 Report recorded observations from 7.11.6.E 861 94 (2007)39. Keywords9.1 chemical compatibility; degradation; durability; insula-tion; solar collectors; stagnation; thermal insulationASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in
43、 connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the re
44、sponsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive care
45、ful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Internationa
46、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 861 94 (2007)4
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