1、Designation: E861 94 (Reapproved 2007)E861 13Standard Practice forEvaluating Thermal Insulation Materials for Use in SolarCollectors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E861; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth a testing methodology for evaluating the properties of thermal insulation
3、 materials to be used in solarcollectors with concentration ratios of less than 10. Tests are given herein to evaluate the pH, surface burning characteristics,moisture adsorption, water absorption, thermal resistance, linear shrinkage (or expansion), hot surface performance, andaccelerated aging. Th
4、is practice provides a test for surface burning characteristics but does not provide a methodology fordetermining combustibility performance of thermal insulation materials.1.2 The tests shall apply to blanket, rigid board, loose-fill, and foam thermal insulation materials used in solar collectors.
5、Otherthermal insulation materials shall be tested in accordance with the provisions set forth herein and should not be excluded fromconsideration.1.3 The assumption is made that elevated temperature, moisture, and applied stresses are the primary factors contributing to thedegradation of thermal ins
6、ulation materials used in solar collectors.1.4 Solar radiation is not considered a contributing factor since insulating materials are not normally exposed to it.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the u
7、ser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of theGuard
8、ed-Hot-Plate ApparatusC209 Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardC356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking HeatC411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC518 Test Method for Steady-
9、State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial ApplicationsC687 Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Loose-Fill Building InsulationD2842 Test Method for Water
10、Absorption of Rigid Cellular PlasticsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE772 Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion3. Terminology3.1 The definitions and description of terms found in this standard may be included in Terminology E772.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The
11、 following factors, in most cases, should be considered when evaluating insulation materials for use in solar collectors.Design considerations should dictate priorities in material test evaluations:1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other A
12、lternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Systems and Materials.Current edition approved March 1, 2007Nov. 1, 2013. Published April 2007December 2013. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20012007as E861 94
13、 (2001).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/E0861-94R07.10.1520/E0861-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.Thi
14、s document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editio
15、ns as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Factor ReferenceSectionpH 7.2Surface Burning Charac
16、teristics 7.3Moisture Adsorption 7.4Water Absorption 7.5Thermal Resistance 7.6Linear Shrinkage (or Expansion) 7.7Hot Surface Performance 7.8Chemical Compatibility 7.9Outgassing 7.10Durability 7.11Factor ReferenceSectionpH 8.2Surface Burning Characteristics 8.3Moisture Adsorption 8.4Water Absorption
17、8.5Thermal Resistance 8.6Linear Shrinkage (or Expansion) 8.7Hot Surface Performance 8.8Chemical Compatibility 8.9Outgassing 8.10Durability 8.115. Significance and Use5.1 The exposure conditions in solar collectors, especially under stagnation conditions, may degrade the performance of thermalinsulat
18、ion materials. This practice sets forth a methodology for evaluating the degree of degradation, if any, of the thermalinsulation materials after exposure to simulated in-service conditions.5.2 This practice is also intended to aid in the assessment of long-term performance by comparative testing of
19、insulationmaterials. However, correlations between performance under laboratory and actual in-service conditions have not been established.5.3 This practice also sets forth criteria that shall be considered in the selection and specification of thermal insulation materials.One such criterion is surf
20、ace burning characteristics (Test Method E84), which is used by many code officials as a reference. Thispractice does not represent that the numerical values obtained in any way reflect the anticipated performance of the thermalinsulation under actual fire conditions.6. Sampling and Test Specimens6.
21、1 Representative specimens shall be selected at random from the original sample lot for each test condition.6.2 At least three representative specimens shall be measured for each property tested unless otherwise stipulated in a particulartest.6.3 The size and shape of the representative specimens sh
22、all be as specified in the property measurement test.6.4 A separate set of test specimens shall be prepared for each test.7. Conditioning7.1 Unless otherwise specified, maintain the test specimens in a conditioned space at 24C (75 6 5F) and 50 6 5 % relativehumidity for at least 48 h before testing.
23、7.2 Maintain test samples in the conditioned space until removed to perform a particular test sequence.8. Procedure8.1 Conduct all the tests described in 7.28.2 7.118.11. The sequence of testing is optional.8.2 pH:8.2.1 Measure the pH of a mixture consisting of the insulation material and water with
24、 a pH meter using the followingprocedure:8.2.1.1 Pulverize a sample of approximately 5 g of the insulation to pass through a 4760-m sieve.8.2.1.2 Mix the pulverized sample with 100 mL of distilled water at 24C (75 6 5F) in a 500-mL glass beaker.8.2.1.3 Stir the mixture, using a glass rod, and allow
25、to stand for 1 h at 24C (75 6 5F).8.2.1.4 Measure the pH to the nearest 0.1 unit.8.2.2 Calibrate the pH meter and electrodes before each testing sequence using standard buffer solutions. Buffer solution pHshall be within 6 2 pH units of the expected measured pH.8.3 Surface Burning CharacteristicsDet
26、ermine flame spread and smoke-developed classifications of the insulation material inaccordance with Test Method E84.E861 1328.4 Moisture AdsorptionDetermine the moisture adsorption of the insulation material in accordance with Specification C553.Express the quantity of moisture (water) adsorbed by
27、the insulation material as a percentage by mass and by volume.8.5 Water Absorption Determine the water absorption of the insulation material in accordance with Methods C209 or TestMethod D2842 as applicable. Express the quantity of water absorbed by the insulation material as a percentage by mass an
28、d byvolume.8.6 Thermal ResistanceDetermine the thermal resistance of the insulation material in accordance with Test Methods C518,C177, or Practice C687, as applicable.8.7 Linear Shrinkage Determine the linear shrinkage (or expansion) of the insulation material in accordance with Test MethodC356, at
29、 the expected maximum in-service temperature, including stagnation conditions.NOTE 1Maximum in-service temperatures, including stagnation conditions must be determined by testing the solar collector design underconsideration.8.8 Hot Surface PerformanceDetermine the hot surface performance in accorda
30、nce with Test Method C411. Test materials atthe expected maximum in-service temperature, including stagnation conditions. See Note 1.8.9 Chemical Compatibility with Adjoining Material:8.9.1 Cut samples of adjoining materials to be evaluated to 100 by 40 mm (3.7 by 1.5 in.) from stock materials and w
31、ashthoroughly with cr grade isopropyl alcohol. After drying overnight in a desiccator, weigh the samples to at least four significantfigures. Then photograph the specimens at a magnification of 200.8.9.1.1 Cut samples of the insulation material to be evaluated to 145 by 90 mm (5.7 by 3.5 in.) along
32、with a surgical cottoncontrol sample that has been thoroughly washed with cp grade isopropyl alcohol.8.9.1.2 Prepare test samples of the insulation material and cotton control using one piece of adjoining material to two piecesof insulation (or control) forming a sandwich composite. Take care to ens
33、ure intimate contact.8.9.2 Subject all the test samples to 49C (120 6 3F) and 95 6 3 % relative humidity for 96 h. Dry the test material in adesiccator, weigh, and record the change in mass. Photograph the test materials in contact with both the insulation and the cottoncontrol at 200 magnification
34、of any distressed areas. Compare and contrast these photographs and record the differences.8.9.2.1 Although it is recognized that this test method is appropriate for identifying chemical incompatibility in most insulationmaterials, it must be stated that other temperature and humidity parameters wil
35、l also induce distress.8.10 Outgassing (Volatile Condensibles)Release of volatiles from the insulation materials, in some cases, may be a significantfactor that can effect the transmittance of a cover plate, or the properties of the absorber itself, or both. It is expected that elevatedtemperatures
36、or reactions, or both, between materials may cause outgassing. A generally applicable test is not presently availableto evaluate effects of outgassing products. It is essential however, that this factor be recognized.8.11 Durability:8.11.1 Evaluate the durability of the test sample by measuring the
37、thermal resistance of the insulation material in accordancewith 7.68.6 before and after exposure to aging.8.11.2 Measure specimens at least 300 300 mm (12 12 in.).8.11.3 Place the specimen in an aluminum pan as shown in Fig8.11.4 Cover the pan and expose the specimens to maximum in-service temperatu
38、re, including stagnation conditions (see Note1), for 30 days in an electric oven.8.11.5 Determine the change in thermal resistance in accordance with Test Methods C177, C518, or Practice C687, asapplicable, after exposure to the aging test.8.11.6 Examine the specimen and record any visible changes t
39、hat may have occurred during accelerated aging. Observe andrecord changes, such as cracking, decomposition, delamination, dimensional variations, and warpage, as to number and extent ofoccurrences.9. Report9.1 The report shall include the following:9.1.1 Identification of the Insulation Material:9.1
40、.1.1 Name of manufacturer,9.1.1.2 Generic nature of insulation material,9.1.1.3 Density, and9.1.1.4 Thickness.9.1.2 pHReport measured pH from 7.28.2 to the nearest 0.1 pH unit.9.1.3 Surface Burning CharacteristicsReport test results as calculated by Section 89 of Test Method E84.9.1.4 Moisture Adsor
41、ptionReport percentage by mass and by volume as calculated by 15.4 of Specification C553.9.1.5 Water Absorption Report percentage by mass and by volume as calculated by 13.4 of Methods C209 or by Section 910of Test Method D2842.9.1.6 Thermal Resistance:E861 1339.1.6.1 Report test method used, test t
42、emperature differential, density, and thickness.9.1.6.2 Report thermal transmission properties in accordance with 9.3 of Test Method C177, 9.2 of Test Method C518, orSection 67 of Practice C687.9.1.7 Linear Shrinkage (or Expansion):9.1.7.1 Report test temperature used in 7.78.7.9.1.7.2 Report linear
43、 shrinkage (or expansion) as calculated by Section 67 of Test Method C356 and observations in accordancewith 7.2.4, 7.1.5, 7.1.6, 7.1.7, and 7.1.8 of Test Method C356.9.1.8 Hot Surface Performance:9.1.8.1 Report test temperature used in 7.88.8.9.1.8.2 Report warpage as calculated by Section 67 of Te
44、st Method C411 and observations in accordance with 7.1.8, 7.1.9,7.1.12, 7.1.13 of Test Method C411.9.1.9 Chemical Compatibility with Adjoining MaterialsReport observed differences from 7.9.28.9.2 and include photographs.9.1.10 Durability Results:9.1.10.1 Report test temperature used in 7.11.48.11.4.
45、9.1.10.2 Report the change in thermal resistance expressed as a percentage from 7.11.58.11.5.9.1.10.3 Report recorded observations from 7.11.68.11.6.E861 13410. Keywords10.1 chemical compatibility; degradation; durability; insulation; solar collectors; stagnation; thermal insulationASTM Internationa
46、l takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their o
47、wn responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be ad
48、dressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, a
49、t the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E861 135
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