1、Designation: E906/E906M 14 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forHeat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts Using a Thermopile Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E906/E906M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides for determining the releaserat
3、es of heat and visible smoke (Note 1) from materials,products, or assemblies when exposed to different levels ofradiant heat.NOTE 1Visible smoke is described in terms of the obscuration oftransmitted light caused by combustion products released during the tests(see 14.2.1).1.2 This fire-test-respons
4、e method assesses heat release by athermal method, thermopile, using a radiant heat sourcecomposed of an array of four electrical resistance elements.1.3 This test method provides for radiant thermal exposureof a specimen both with and without a pilot. Piloted ignitionresults from direct flame impin
5、gement on the specimen(piloted, point ignition) or from use of the pilot to ignite gasesevolved by pyrolysis of the specimen.1.4 Heat and smoke release are measured from the momentthe specimen is injected into a controlled exposure chamber.The measurements are continued during the period of ignition
6、(and progressive flame involvement of the surface in the caseof point ignition), and to such a time that the test is terminated.1.5 The apparatus described in this test method is oftenreferred to as the Ohio State University (OSU) rate of heatrelease apparatus. ConfigurationsAand B are variations on
7、 theoriginal design.1.6 This test method is suitable for exposing essentiallyplanar materials, products or assemblies to a constant, imposedexternal heat flux that ranges from 0 to 80 kW/m2.1.7 This test method is intended for use in research anddevelopment and not as a basis for rating, regulatory,
8、 or codepurposes.1.8 The apparatus described in this test method has beenused in two configurations. Configuration A is that which isused by the Federal Aviation Administration for assessingmaterials for aircraft use, at an external heat flux of 35 kW/m2(DOT/FAA/AR-00/12), while configuration B is s
9、uitable, atvarious incident heat fluxes, for research and developmentpurposes.1.9 This test method does not provide information on thefire performance of the test specimens under fire conditionsother than those conditions specified in this test method.Known limitations of this test method are descri
10、bed in 1.9.1 1.9.5.1.9.1 Heat and smoke release rates depend on a number offactors, including the formation of surface char, the formationof an adherent ash, sample thickness, and the method ofmounting.1.9.2 Heat release values are a function of the specificspecimen size (exposed area) tested. Resul
11、ts are not directlyscaleable to different exposed surface areas for some products.1.9.3 The test method is limited to the specified specimensizes of materials, products, or assemblies. If products are to betested, the test specimen shall be representative of the productin actual use. The test is lim
12、ited to exposure of one surface; theoptions for exposed surface are vertical and horizontal facingup.1.9.4 At very high specimen heat release rates, it is possiblethat flaming is observed above the stack, which makes the testinvalid.1.9.5 No general relationship has been established betweenheat rele
13、ase rate values obtained from horizontally and verti-cally oriented specimens. Specimens that melt and drip in thevertical orientation shall be tested horizontally.1.10 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system
14、may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.11 Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations,and equipment. See Section 6.1.12 This standard is used to meas
15、ure and describe theresponse or materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Pro
16、ducts.Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E906 10. DOI:10.1520/E0906-14.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1incorporate all fact
17、ors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro
18、-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.14 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice f
19、or Conditioning Plastics for TestingE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption Calorimeter2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 13943 Fire Safety-Vocabulary32.3 Federal Aviation Administration Standard:Aircraft M
20、aterial Fire Test Handbook, DOT/FAA/AR-00/12, FAA Technical Center, April 200043. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE176 and ISO 13943, Fire Safety-Vocabulary. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Termi
21、nology E176 shallprevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 continuous, as related to data acquisition, adjconducted at data collection intervals of5sorless.3.2.2 exposed surface, nthat surface of the specimensubjected to the incident heat.3.2.3 gas phase ignition, nignition of
22、 pyrolysis productsleaving a heated surface by a pilot flame or other ignitionsource that does not impinge on, nor significantly affect, forexample, by reradiation, the heated surface.3.2.4 orientation, nplane in which the exposed face of thespecimen is located during testing, either vertical or hor
23、izon-tally face upwards.3.2.5 SMOKE unitthe concentration of smoke particulatesin a cubic metre of air that reduces the percent transmission oflight through a 1-m path to 10 %. SMOKE = Standard MetricOptical Kinetic Emission.3.2.6 time to ignition, ntime between the start of the testand the presence
24、 of a flame on or over most of the specimensurface for a period of at least 4 s.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The specimen to be tested is injected into an environ-mental chamber through which a constant flow of air passes.The specimens exposure is determined by a radiant heatsource adjusted to produ
25、ce the desired total heat flux on thespecimen. Exposure options include: horizontal or verticalorientations; nonpiloted ignition, piloted ignition of evolvedgases, or point ignition of the surface. The changes in tempera-ture and optical density of the gas leaving the chamber aremonitored, and from
26、this data the release rates of heat andvisible smoke (see 14.2.1) are calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a description of the behaviorof material specimens under a specified fire exposure in termsof the release rate of heat and visible smoke. It is possible todetermine t
27、he change in behavior of materials and productswith change in heat-flux exposure by testing specimens in aseries of exposures that cover a range of heat fluxes.5.2 The data obtained for a specific test describe the rate ofheat and smoke release of the specimen when exposed to thespecific environment
28、al conditions and procedures used inperforming that test.5.3 The entire exposed surface of the specimen will not beburning during the progressive involvement phase whenpiloted, point ignition (impingement) procedures are used.During the period of progressive surface involvement, releaserates of heat
29、 and smoke are “per square metre of originalexposed surface area” not “per square metre of flame involvedsurface.”5.4 The rates of both heat and smoke release are calculatedper square metre of original surface area exposed. If aspecimen swells, sags, delaminates, or otherwise deforms sothat the expo
30、sed surface area changes, calculated release ratescorrespond to the original area, not to the new surface area.5.5 Heat-release values depend on mode of ignition. Gasphase ignition gives a more dimensionally consistent measureof release rate when very rapid or immediate flame involve-ment of the spe
31、cimen surface occurs. However, piloted, pointignition allows release-rate information to be obtained atexternal heat flux from zero up to that required for satisfactorygas-phase ignition, usually over 20 kW/m2external exposure.No correlation between the two modes of piloted ignition hasbeen establis
32、hed.5.6 Release rates depend on many factors, some of whichcannot be controlled. It is possible that samples that produce asurface char, a layer of adherent ash, or those that arecomposites or laminates do not attain a steady-state releaserate. Thermally thin specimens, that is, specimens whoseunexp
33、osed surface changes temperature during period of test,will not attain a steady-state release rate. Therefore, releaserates for a given material will depend, for example, on how thematerial is used, its thickness, and the method of mounting.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www
34、.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from
35、NationalTechnical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield,VA22161. An electronic version of the handbook with the latest revisions can be foundat the FAA website: http:/www.fire.tc.faa.gov/handbook.stm.E906/E906M 1425.7 Heat-release values are for the specific specimen size(exposed area) tested. Res
36、ults are not directly scalable todifferent exposed surface areas for some products.5.8 The method is limited to specimen sizes of materials inaccordance with 7.1 and to products from which it is possibleto obtain a test specimen representative of the product in actualuse.The test is limited to expos
37、ure of one surface; there are twooptions for exposure orientation: either vertical or horizontal. Ifa heat release rate of 8 kW, which is equivalent to 355 kW/m2for 150-mm 6-in. by 150-mm 6 in. vertical specimens, or533 kW/m2for 100-mm 4-in. by 150-mm 6-in. horizontalspecimens is exceeded, there is
38、danger of combustion occur-ring above the stack.5.9 No general relationship between release rate valuesobtained from horizontally and vertically oriented specimenshas been established. Conduct tests on specimens in the form inwhich the material is oriented in end use conditions. To provideadditional
39、 information, conduct tests in the horizontal orienta-tion for those specimens that melt and drip in the verticalorientation.5.10 Release rate measurements provide useful informationfor product development by giving a quantitative measure ofspecific changes in fire test performance caused by product
40、modifications.5.11 This test method differs in both the method of exposureand the calculation procedure from the techniques used in TestMethod E1354, the cone calorimeter, which assesses heatrelease by oxygen consumption calorimetry, using a truncatedcone as a radiant source.6. Operator Safety6.1 Th
41、e test procedure involves high temperatures, andcombustion processes. Therefore, it is possible for eye injuries,burns, ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, and inhalationof smoke or combustion products to occur, unless properprecautions are taken. To avoid accidental leakage of toxiccombusti
42、on products into the surrounding atmosphere, it isadvisable to evacuate the chamber, at the end of a test, into anexhaust system with adequate capacity. The operator must useheavy gloves, safety tongs or other suitable protection forremoval of the specimen holder. The venting must be checkedperiodic
43、ally for proper operation. Care shall be takne not totouch the spark igniter during operation, if used, since it carriesa substantial potential. The exhaust system of the apparatusshall be checked for proper operation before testing and shalldischarge into a building exhaust system with adequate cap
44、ac-ity. The possibility of the violent ejection of molten hotmaterial or sharp fragments from some kinds of specimenswhen irradiated must be taken into account.7. Sample Preparation7.1 The standard size for vertically mounted specimens is150 6 2mmby1506 2 mm 5.94 + 0, 0.06 in. by 5.94 + 0,0.06 in. e
45、xposed surface with thickness up to 100 mm 4.0in. The standard size for horizontally mounted specimens is150 6 2mmby1506 2 mm 5.94 + 0, 0.06 in. by 5.94 + 0,0.06 in. exposed surface, up to 45 mm 1.75 in. thick. Mountthin specimens, such as wall or floor coverings, in the samemanner as used. For exam
46、ple, test a wall covering to be gluedto gypsum wall board when glued to a section of gypsum boardusing the same type of adhesive. The assembly shall beconsidered the specimen to be tested. Applications requiringthicknesses greater than 45 mm 1.75 in. shall be tested at 45mm 1.75 in. thicknesses.7.2
47、ConditioningCondition the specimens at 23 6 3C70 6 5F and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for a minimum of24 h prior to test, or as described by Procedure A of PracticeD618, if appropriate.7.3 MountingExpose only one surface of a specimenduring a test. Insulate, on five sides, specimens that have a slabg
48、eometry. A single layer of 0.03 6 0.01-mm 0.0012 60.005-in. aluminum foil shall be wrapped tightly on allunexposed sides with the dull side of the foil facing thespecimen surface. For products whose exposed surface is not aplane, describe mounting and method of calculating surfacearea exposed when r
49、eporting results.7.4 Specimen OrientationFor specimens with anisotropicproperties (meaning they have different properties in differentdirections such as machine and cross-machine directions forextrusions, wrap and fill for woven fabrics), the specimensshall be tested in the orientation giving the highest results. Ifthis orientation is not known prior to test, two sets of at leastthree specimens each shall be prepared and tested, with one setoriented in one direction and the second set oriented in theother direction.8. Release Rate Apparat
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