1、Designation: E 935 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forPerformance of Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Railsfor Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 935; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed intesting the performance of permanent metal
3、 railing systems(guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems) and rails (hand, wall, grab,and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly,commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational,and residential buildings.1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing sys-tems
4、and rails having major structural components made ofmetal, with their secondary components made of metal or othermaterials such as wood, plastic, and glass.1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whetherpermanent metal railing systems and rails comply with antici-pated performance requiremen
5、ts of the applicable specifica-tions, codes, and standards, such as those described in Speci-fication E 985.1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures fordetermining the static strength of metal railing systems andrails as structural elements when installed and fastened toconcrete, masonr
6、y, wood, and metal as well as related products.1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to anypossible deterioration of metal railing systems, rails, andconnections, resulting from adverse environmental conditions.The performance of special tests covering this aspect may bedesirable.1.6 T
7、hese test methods are limited to the application ofconcentrated loads described herein. Whenever given uni-formly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing systemor rail in accordance with governing specifications, codes, andstandards, the effects of such uniformly distributed loads on theme
8、mber stresses shall be determined by calculation and thecorresponding concentrated loads shall be given considerationduring testing and data evaluation.1.7 Should computations make it possible to provide theneeded information, testing can be employed for verification.1.8 The values stated in SI unit
9、s are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health prac
10、tices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard statement, see Note 1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions
11、, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 985 Specification for Permanent Metal Railing Systemsand Rails for BuildingsE 1481 Terminology of Railing Systems and Rails forBuildings3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in these testmetho
12、ds, see Terminology E 631 and Terminology E 1481.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 infillin the context of this standard, the balusters ofa baluster railing system and the structural as well as decorativeelements, including panels, mesh, and similar elements, of apanel railing
13、 system, located between top and bottom rails andposts; to serve the twofold purpose of (1) protecting bodiesfrom penetrating and falling through the baluster and panelinfill areas and (2) providing a specified resistance to horizontalthrusts as are potentially encountered within the infill area.3.2
14、.1.1 DiscussionInfills shall be designed in such a wayas to deter climbing of the railing system.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56on Performance of Railing Systems and Rails for Bui
15、ldings.Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 935 00e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStand
16、ards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 infill areathe field of baluster and panel railingsystems, bordered by rails, including to
17、p, intermediate, andbottom rails, and posts, including end and intermediate posts.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are intended to provide informationfrom which applicable design data can be derived for theperformance of metal railing systems and rails installed andfastened to structura
18、l elements of concrete, masonry, wood,and metal as well as related products. Typical floor-mountedrailings are shown in Fig. 1.5. Test Selection5.1 The only tests that need to be performed are those thatare considered necessary to provide information required bythe requesting party, testing agency,
19、and regulatory bodyinvolved.6. Installation6.1 Install the railing system or rail being investigated inaccordance with the manufacturers or designers specifica-tions.7. Sampling7.1 Test a minimum of three representative replicate speci-mens of each type of railing system or rail when performancetest
20、ing in accordance with either Test Method A or B isrequired (see Section 5).7.2 Test a minimum of three representative replicate speci-mens of each type of infill when performance testing inaccordance with either Test Method C or D is required (seeSection 5).7.3 If sequential testing of the same spe
21、cimen in accordancewith Test Methods A, B, C, and D is permissible, Test MethodB or D shall be followed by Test Method A or C.8. Test Specimens8.1 Specimen Conditioning and Curing If aging, season-ing, or curing conditions affect the performance and capacity ofthe anchorage system of the railing sys
22、tem or rail, takeappropriate measures, in accordance with the manufacturersrecommendations, to age, season, or cure the anchorageelements or components prior to testing. Report such condi-tions in detail. Observe their physical effects and fully describethem in the test report.8.2 Specimen Moisture
23、Content and Temperature Condi-tions (applicable only to hygroscopic products)If the pre-vailing moisture content and temperature conditions can affectthe performance of the elements and components of theanchorage system, hold these parameters constant for a givenseries of tests on the performance of
24、 railing systems and rails.The choice of the controlled conditions depends on theenvironments of the field conditions to be given consideration.Such field conditions shall be simulated. Testing shall beginonly after the test specimens have reached approximatelystable conditions with regard to temper
25、ature and moisturecontent.8.3 Specimen DescriptionExamples of typical floor-mounted test specimens are shown in Fig. 1 in diagrammaticform. The specimen installation, including the post spacing,shall be the same as the actual field installation. The specimenshall have a minimum of three posts if thi
26、s is in line with theactual field installation simulated.9. Calculation9.1 Load-Deformation DataDetermine the unadjusted,adjusted, and appropriate average load-deformation data foreach loading point of each of the test series (see Section 15 and19).9.1.1 Calculate the unadjusted deformation (D) at a
27、 givenload (or released load) for an individual test in the followingmanner:D5An2 A1(1)where:An= the instrument reading at a given load (or releasedload), andA1= the initial instrument reading.9.1.2 Obtain the adjusted deformation (or residual deforma-tion) by plotting the unadjusted deformation ver
28、sus the appliedload (or released load) and extrapolating a smooth curvethrough the data points back to zero load (or deformation). Theadjusted deformation at maximum load or any other test load isobserved from the plot relative to the zero load.FIG. 1 Front Views of Sections of Three Typical Railing
29、 SystemsE 935 00 (2006)29.1.3 Obtain the appropriate average adjusted deformationat maximum load or any other test load for each of the testseries as the arithmetic mean of the appropriate individualdeformation determinations at a given load in a given series.9.2 Required Test-Load and Maximum-Load
30、DataDetermine the average required test load and maximum loadfor given assembly as the arithmetic mean of the appropriatetest and maximum loads for each of the test series dependingon the test requirements.10. Report10.1 Report the applicable information as listed in PracticeE 575 and specifically t
31、he following information:10.1.1 Relevant physical-strength properties of the railing-system or rail materials used for the test specimens.10.1.2 Description of the procedure used for the assemblyand installation of the railing system or rail.10.1.3 Description of the anchorage system.10.1.4 Age, in
32、days, at time of test of the railing or railanchorage system, if this information is of any significance.10.1.5 Age, in hours or days, since assembly and installa-tion of the railing system or rail, if this information is of anysignificance.10.1.6 Species, oven-dry specific gravity, and moisturecont
33、ent at time of test, in percent of the oven-dry weight andvolume, of any wood members or components of the anchor-age system.10.1.7 Actual rate of loading between increments.11. Precision and Bias11.1 No statement is made on the precision or on the bias ofthese test methods since no data are availab
34、le at this time thatare based on the use of the test methods described.TEST METHOD AAPPLICATION OF HORIZONTALSTATIC LOAD TO TOP RAIL12. Apparatus12.1 Testing MachineAny testing machine or loadingdevice, capable of imposing forces accurate to within 61%when calibrated in accordance with Practices E4,
35、 is suitableand may be used provided the requirements of specified rate ofloading and unloading are met. The testing device shall be ofsufficient capacity to prevent yielding of its various compo-nents and shall insure that the applied load remains essentiallyparallel to the relevant axis of the ass
36、embly during testing.12.2 Test SystemA diagrammatic test set-up for applyinghorizontal tension forces to the assembly is shown in Fig. 2.The bearing plates, normally 150-mm (6-in.) long, shall be ofsufficient size to prevent local failure of the surroundingstructural members or components. The loadi
37、ng device shall beattached to the assembly by means of pins or a swivelconnector to prevent the direct transfer of any flexural forcesthrough the connection.12.3 Deflection MeasurementsDial gages, having a small-est division of not more than 0.25 mm (0.01 in.), or anysuitable measurement devices or
38、calibrated sensors of at leastcomparable accuracy and sensitivity shall be used to measurethe horizontal displacements of the top of the railing system orrail relative to its original location at each loading point priorto load application. These devices shall have sufficient mea-surement capability
39、 to indicate the displacement throughout thetest range.13. Test Specimen13.1 SpecimensLoad one specimen at the top of the rail atan end post. A second specimen shall have two equal loadsapplied at the top of the rail midway between posts. The thirdspecimen shall be a repeat of the weaker of the firs
40、t twospecimens.14. Procedure14.1 Positioning of Railing System or RailPosition therailing system or rail in the support system in such a way thatthe load is applied, as shown in Fig. 2, to the structural memberperpendicular to the plane of the railing system or rail withoutcausing any local failure
41、at the point of load application.14.2 Mounting of InstrumentsMount the three dial gages,measurement devices, or sensors at each loading point as isshown in Fig. 2. Place the sensing elements of the instrumentsin contact with and normal to the surface or an extension of thesurface of the structural e
42、lement or component being tested insuch a way as to measure displacement in the direction of theapplied load.15. Load Application15.1 If the rail is not supported by posts, apply the load inthe same manner as described in 13; that is, at the rail end, atthe rail middle, and, for the third specimen,
43、at the rail end orrail middle, whichever resulted in the weakest of the twopreviously tested specimens.15.2 Initial LoadingApply the initial load correspondingto 50 % of the required test load in order to bring all membersin full bearing. After release of the preload to 50 % of thepreload, apply the
44、 required test load or the maximum loaddepending on the test requirements by initiating the steptesting.15.3 Initial Deflection ReadingObserve the initial deflec-tions immediately after application of the initial test load andits release.15.4 Final Load ApplicationIn the required step loadingduring
45、constant-level increment loading up to the required testload or maximum load, each increment of load shall amount tonot more than 15 % of the estimated maximum load and shallbe maintained as constant as is practical for a 2-min period.Instead of such continuous step loading with 2-min constant-load
46、intervals, the step loading may be interrupted by releasingeach step load to the initial test load and observing the residualdeflection at the initial test load in order to make it possible todetermine the total residual deflection for any loading condi-tion. Plot the initial and 2-min readings of t
47、he force anddeflection gages at each load point in the form of load-deformation curves. Maintain complete load-deformation timerecords throughout the test. If application of a given load isrequired for a certain period, such as 24 h, take deformationreadings at the beginning, at intervals during thi
48、s period, and atthe end of this period, to allow satisfactory plotting of atime-deformation curve for the complete period.E 935 00 (2006)315.5 Rate of LoadingThe rate of loading between incre-ments shall be uniform throughout the test and such that theload is applied at a constant rate of deformatio
49、n of 5.0 6 2.5mm (0.20 6 0.10 in.) per min. If this rate of loading cannot beachieved because of the type of testing machine used or theequipment available, the rate of loading shall be as near to thatrequired in this section.NOTE 1Precaution: Possible injury to personnel and damage to thetest equipment and instrumentation prior to, during, and after loadapplication by any unexpected release of potential strain energy accumu-lated during testing can occur and must be given consideration.NOTE 2Caution: If tests are conducted in a structure and not in atesting
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