1、Designation: E935 131Standard Test Methods forPerformance of Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Railsfor Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E935; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESection 1.2 was editorially revised in October 2013.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed intesti
3、ng the performance of permanent metal railing systems(guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), including componentssuch as rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) and swinggates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection,installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial,educatio
4、nal, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residen-tial buildings and other structures, such as towers or elevatedplatforms.1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing sys-tems and rails having major structural components made ofmetal, with their secondary components, including swin
5、g gatesor other forms of guardrail opening protection, made of metalor other materials such as wood, plastic, and glass.1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whetherpermanent metal railing systems and rails,2includingcomponents, comply with requirements of the applicableperformance specifi
6、cations, such as building codes, or perfor-mance standards such as those described in Specification E985,ANSI/ASSE A1264.1, and OSHA 1910.23.1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures fordetermining the static strength of metal railing systems, railsand components as structural elements w
7、hen installed andfastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal, as well asrelated products.1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to anypossible deterioration of metal railing systems, rails, andconnections, resulting from adverse environmental conditions.The performance of special tes
8、ts covering this aspect may bedesirable.1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of theloads described herein.1.7 Should computations make it possible to provide theneeded information, testing can be employed for verification.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardeda
9、s standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
10、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 11.2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE575 Practice for Repo
11、rting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE985 Specification for Permanent Metal Railing Systemsand Rails for BuildingsE1481 Terminology of Railing Systems and Rails for Build-ings2.2 Other Standards:ANS
12、I/ASSE A1264.1 Safety Requirements for WorkplaceWalking/Working Surfaces and Their Access4OSHA1910.23 Guarding floor and wall openings and holes51These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56on
13、Performance of Railing Systems and Glass for Floors and Stairs.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E935-00(2006). DOI:10.1520/E0935-13E01.2“Field Testing Device for Railing Systems and Rails,”Journal of T
14、esting andEvaluation, Vol. 16, No. 6, ID JTE11274J, Online, Available: http:/www.astm.org,01 November 1988.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand
15、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE), 1800 E. OaktonSt., Des Plaines, IL 60018, http:/www.asse.org.5Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov
16、/law-regs.html.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, see Terminology E631 and Terminology E1481.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stand
17、ard:3.2.1 failurethe loss of load carrying capacity or theinability to meet the required load carrying capacity specifiedin the applicable performance standard, depending on thepurpose of the test.3.2.2 guardrail opening protectionswing gates or otherform of barrier to prevent unintended egress or f
18、all throughguardrail openings.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are intended to provide informationfrom which applicable design and performance data can bederived for the performance of metal railing systems and railsinstalled and fastened to structural elements of concrete,masonry, wood
19、, and metal as well as related products.4.2 These test methods may be used to determine whetherrailing systems comply with requirements of the applicableperformance specifications.4.3 These test methods are intended for use in the buyingand selling of railing systems and components according toperfo
20、rmance specifications, for use in product developmentresearch, for use in quality assurance and manufacturingprocess control, for use in developing performance standards,and for use in field and laboratory compliance determination.Typical floor-mounted railings are shown in Fig. 1.5. Apparatus5.1 Te
21、sting MachineAny testing machine or loadingdevice, capable of imposing forces accurate to within 61%when calibrated in accordance with Practices E4, is suitableand may be used provided the requirements of specified rate ofloading are met. The testing device shall be of sufficientcapacity to prevent
22、yielding of its various components andshall insure that the applied load remains essentially parallel tothe relevant axis of the assembly during testing.5.2 Test SystemAttach the loading device to the assemblyby means of pins or a swivel connector to prevent the directtransfer of any flexural forces
23、 through the connection. Loadcontact points against the test specimen shall be a maximumwidth of 2 in. (51 mm), unless otherwise specified by theapplicable performance specification or required for the pur-pose of the test and applied such that the centerline of the loadcontact point is located at t
24、he position indicated by the testmethod.5.3 Deflection MeasurementsUnless otherwise specifiedby the applicable performance specification, dial gages, havinga smallest division of not more than 0.01 in. (0.25 mm), or anysuitable measurement devices or calibrated sensors of at leastcomparable accuracy
25、 and sensitivity shall be used to measurethe horizontal displacements of the top of the railing system orrail relative to its original location at each loading point priorto load application. These devices shall have sufficient mea-surement capability to indicate the displacement throughout thetest
26、range.6. Test Selection6.1 The only tests that need to be performed are those thatare necessary to provide information required by the requestingparty, testing agency, and regulatory body involved or thosethat are specified by, or otherwise required to provide infor-mation related to, applicable per
27、formance specifications.7. Installation7.1 Install the railing system, rail or component being testedin accordance with the manufacturers or designers specifica-tions.8. Sampling8.1 A sampling plan appropriate for the purposes of the testshall be used.8.1.1 If a sampling plan is specified by the app
28、licableperformance specification, that plan shall be used for compli-ance testing.9. Test Specimens9.1 Specimen DefinitionThe guard and handrail test speci-men shall be defined as two vertical posts at maximumcenter-to-center spacing, and all components, and all connec-tions used in the guard and ha
29、ndrail system, including thevertical post bases.FIG. 1 Front Views of Sections of Three Typical Railing SystemsE935 13129.1.1 A guardrail opening protection specimen such as aswing gate shall be defined as a single example of the guardrailopening protection, at maximum span if adjustable, all connec
30、-tions used in attachment to the guardrail system, the twovertical posts that define the opening, and sufficient installationof the guardrail system to permit installation of the guardrailopening protection according to the manufacturers instruc-tions with adequate structural support by the guardrai
31、l system.If the purpose of the test is to determine compliance orperformance as installed in a specific field example, the span ofthe gate should be as in the field installation.9.2 Specimen AssemblyTest specimens may be assembledusing the actual post base anchors to be installed to arepresentative
32、substrate of the completed installation, or testspecimens may be assembled using post base anchors consis-tent with the size and location of anchors to be installed in thecompleted installation, connected to a rigid support, installedaccording to the manufacturers recommendations and asspecified by
33、the applicable performance standard or as requiredfor the purposes of the test. If adhesive anchors are used, cureadhesive according to the manufacturers recommendations toensure reliable strength during testing. The test results shallstate the minimum required edge distance to ensure adequateperfor
34、mance.9.3 Specimen DescriptionExamples of typical floor-mounted test specimens are shown in Fig. 1 in diagrammaticform. The specimen installation, including the post spacing,shall be the same as the actual or anticipated field installation.A guardrail specimen shall have a minimum of three posts ift
35、his is in line with the actual field installation simulated.10. Procedure10.1 Selection of Test MethodsThe user may select one ormore of the test methods described in 10.4, 10.5, and 10.6,asdetermined by the performance specification or the purposes ofthe test.10.2 Sequence of Test MethodsSpecimens
36、tested for twoor more of the loading conditions shall be subjected first to thein-fill load test, followed by the uniform load test, and last, theconcentrated load test, in that order unless specified otherwiseby the performance specification.10.3 Replacement of Failed ComponentsIf the test isconduc
37、ted for research, design or product developmentpurposes, if a component(s) or connection(s) fails in any of thetests, testing may continue after the failed component orconnection is removed and replaced. The failure must berecorded. If testing is conducted for purposes of determiningcompliance with
38、a performance standard or to determineperformance of the complete railing system or any element ofthe railing system, the failed component or connection may notbe replaced. The test series continues as defined in 10.1.10.4 In-Fill Load TestThe test specimen shall be capableof satisfactorily resistin
39、g the required test load applied over a1ft2(0.0929-m2) square area normal to the in-fill. The test loadshall be applied at the intersection of the horizontal and verticalcenter lines of the in-fill, unless specified otherwise by theperformance specification or the purposes of the test. If it isdeter
40、mined that another location will yield lesser results, thatposition should be used instead of the indicated intersectionpoint of the center lines. Record deflection of the in-fill at thepoint of maximum deflection of the in-fill.10.5 Uniform Load TestSubject the top rail or other rail ofthe test spe
41、cimen to the required maximum uniform test loadapplied vertically and horizontally, as required by the perfor-mance specification. Required vertical and horizontal test loadsshall be applied separately and sequentially, unless otherwiserequired by the performance specification or to meet thepurpose
42、of the test. Record the deflection at mid-span duringeach test.10.5.1 Quarter Point RuleFor purposes of this test,quarter-point loading shall be deemed to be equivalent touniform loading by calculating the equivalent bending momentgenerated in a uniform load scenario using the followingequation (see
43、 Fig. 2):P 5wL2(1)where:P = Force (lb) applied at each quarter point,w = Uniform load (lb/ft),L = Span (ft) between the two posts.10.6 Concentrated Load TestThe top rail or other subjectrail of the test specimen shall be subjected to the concentratedtest load applied vertically and horizontally, as
44、required by theperformance specification. Apply required vertical and hori-zontal test separately and sequentially, unless otherwise re-quired by the performance specification or to meet the purposeof the test. The required concentrated test load shall be appliedat the following three critical locat
45、ions: rail midspan betweenposts, top rail adjacent to a post (maximum 3 in. from post), topof a single post. Test loads are to be applied and deflectionrecorded sequentially, one location at a time. The load appliedon the rail adjacent to the post can be applied to the oppositepost from which the to
46、p-of-post test was performed on. In thecase of swing gates, if the structure of the gate requires locatingthe test load more than 3 in. from a post due to hinge or latchconstruction, the load should be located as close to the 3-in.maximum distance from the post as is possible. Record thedeflection a
47、t the point of application of the load.11. Load Application11.1 Rate of LoadingThe rate of loading shall be such thatthe maximum specified load is achieved in no less than 10 sand no more than 5 min.FIG. 2 Calculating the Equivalent Bending Moment Generated ina Uniform Load Scenario (see Eq 1)E935 1
48、31311.2 Load DurationMaintain the maximum specified loadfor 1 min before releasing. (WarningPossible injury topersonnel and damage to the test equipment and instrumenta-tion prior to, during, and after load application by anyunexpected release of potential strain energy accumulatedduring testing can
49、 occur and must be given consideration.)(WarningIf tests are conducted in a structure and not in atesting laboratory, exercise caution against unwanted damageto the building, its components, and its finish.)12. Calculation12.1 Load-Deflection DataAs required by the perfor-mance specification or other purpose of the test, determine theactual, adjusted, and average load deflection data for eachloading point of each of the test series, including residualdeflection, if required.12.1.1 Calculate the actual deflection () at a given load foran individual
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