1、Designation: E 943 08Standard Terminology Relating toBiological Effects and Environmental Fate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology document defines terms commonlyused in standards developed by ASTM Committee E47 onBiological Effects and Environment
3、al Fate. This terminologydocument is intended to be consistent with the use of terms inASTM standards related to this field and, to the extent possible,with use by other organizations.1.1.1 If a specific Committee E47 standard uses one of theseterms in a different context, then the term must be defi
4、ned inthat standard. A term used only in a specific ASTM standardneed not be included in this terminology document.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:acute testa comparative study in which organisms, that aresubjected to different treatments, are observed for a shortperiod usually not constituting a subs
5、tantial portion of theirlife span.DISCUSSIONThere is no specific test duration that represents adistinct boundary between acute and chronic test durations for anyspecies. Although acute or chronic test procedures may specify stan-dard duration(s), these durations have not been intended to define ana
6、cute:chronic boundary.Acute tests often utilize mortality as the only measure of effect;chronic tests usually include additional measures of effect such asgrowth or reproduction.attractiona response towards or to facilitate contact with amaterial or condition.avoidancea response away from or to limi
7、t contact with amaterial or condition.BAF (bioaccumulation factor), nthe quotient obtained bydividing the concentration of a substance in an organism (orspecified tissue) by its concentration in a specified exposuremedium, for example, air, food, sediment, soil, water, whenseveral media are possible
8、 sources (see bioaccumalation).behavior, nobservable, recordable, or measurable actions oractivity of an organism.DISCUSSIONThis definition conveys the idea of motion whethermotility is involved or not, and excludes physiological responses,death, and so forth, from the concept. It avoids the issue o
9、f internalversus external stimuli.bioaccumulationthe net accumulation of a substance by anorganism as a result of uptake from all environmentalsources.bioassayan experiment that uses living whole organisms,tissues or cells to measure the presence, the concentration, orthe relative potency of one or
10、more chemicals.DISCUSSIONA bioassay must include the appropriate controls(s).There is no intended stipulation of endpoint for such a test; the responsemay be positive of negative. This term defines a subset of the protocols(methods) referred by the term “biological assay” (Finney, 1947)bioconcentrat
11、ionthe net accumulation of a substance by anaquatic organism as a result of uptake directly from aqueoussolution.biomagnificationthe increase in tissue concentration ofpoorly depurated materials in organisms along a series ofpredator-prey associations, primarily through the mechanismof dietary accum
12、ulation.biomarker, na biological measure (within organisms) ofexposure to, effects of, or susceptibility to, environmentalstress using molecular, genetic, biochemical, histological, orphysiological techniques.biomarker assayan experiment that uses a molecular, ge-netic, biochemical, histological, an
13、atomical, or physiologicaltechnique to assess exposure, response, or susceptibility ofan organisms tissue or cells to environmental stress.chronic testa comparative study in which organisms that aresubjected to different treatments are observed for a longperiod or a substantial portion of their life
14、 span.DISCUSSIONThere is no specific test duration that represents adistinct boundary between acute and chronic test durations for anyspecies. Although acute or chronic test procedures may specify stan-dard duration(s), these durations have not been intended to define anacute:chronic boundary.Acute
15、tests often utilize mortality as the only measure of effect;chronic tests usually include additional measures of effect such asgrowth or reproduction.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 onBiological Effects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility ofSubco
16、mmittee E47.06 on Technical Services and Support.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 943 04a.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United S
17、tates.control sedimenta sediment that is essentially free ofcontaminants and is used routinely to assess the acceptabilityof a test.depurationloss of a substance from an organism as a resultof any active or passive process.dietary accumulationthe net accumulation of a substanceby an organism as a re
18、sult of ingestion in the diet.EC50a statistically or graphically estimated concentrationthat is expected to cause one or more specified effects in50 % of a group of organisms under specified conditions.ED50a statistically or graphically estimated dose that isexpected to cause one or more specified e
19、ffects in 50 % of agroup of organisms under specified conditions.exposurecontact with a chemical or physical agent.fate, environmentalthe form and location of a materialresulting from transport and transformation.hazardthe adverse effect(s) that may result from expo-sure(s).hydric soilsoil that is f
20、ormed under conditions of saturation,flooding, or ponding long enough to develop anaerobicconditions in the upper part, thereby influencing the growth,survival, and reproduction of plants, microorganisms, andinvertebrates.IC50a statistically or graphically estimated concentration oftest material tha
21、t, under specified conditions, is expected tocause a 50 % inhibition of a biological process (such asgrowth or reproduction) for which the data are not dichoto-mous.indigneous speciesa species that is likely, due to historicalpresence, to occur at a specified site for some portion of itslife span.DI
22、SCUSSIONThis definition is intended to remove the requirementthat the species occur presently at a site. This definition excludesspecies that have been introduced either intentionally or unintentionallyby man whether recently or in the remote past. The terms “indigenous”and “native” are synonymous i
23、n this context.interstitial waterwater occupying space between sedimentor soil particles (syn. pore water).key speciesa species of special concern for ecologicalreasons.LC50a statistically or graphically estimated concentrationthat is expected to be lethal to 50 % of a group of organismsunder specif
24、ied conditions.LD50a statistically or graphically estimated dose that isexpected to be lethal to 50 % of a group of organisms underspecified conditions.life-cycle testa comparative study in which organisms, thatare subjected to different treatments, are observed at leastfrom a life stage in one gene
25、ration to the same life stage inthe next generation.lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC)in a toxicitytest, the tested concentration of one or more chemicalsimmediately above the highest tested concentration that didnot result in a statistically significant change in the particulartoxicologica
26、l variable compared to that value in the control(s).DISCUSSIONWithin a concentration-effect curve at concentrationsnear the NOEC and LOEC, the following situation can occur: oneconcentration might induce an effect that is significantly greater thanthe control or background, while the next higher con
27、centration inducesan effect that is not significantly greater than control or background,and all the higher concentrations induce effects that are significantlygreater than control or background. In this region of uncertainty, theconcentration inducing a significant effect may be inverted one or mor
28、etimes. In order to avoid a situation where the LOEC is less than theNOEC, the NOEC is defined as the concentration immediately belowthe region of uncertainty, and the LOEC is defined as the concentrationimmediately above this region. If the region of uncertainty is large, theinvestigator may not ch
29、oose to define a NOEC or LOEC.no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC)in a toxicitytest, the tested concentration of one or more chemicalsimmediately below the lowest tested concentration thatresulted in a statistically significant change in a particulartoxicological variable compared to that value i
30、n the control(s).DISCUSSIONWithin a concentration-effect curve at concentrationsnear the NOEC and LOEC, the following situation can occur: oneconcentration might induce an effect that is significantly greater thanthe control or background, while the next higher concentration inducesan effect that is
31、 not significantly greater than control or background,and all the higher concentrations induce effects that are significantlygreater than control or background. In this region of uncertainty, theconcentration inducing a significant effect may be inverted one or moretimes. In order to avoid a situati
32、on where the LOEC is less than theNOEC, the NOEC is defined as the concentration immediately belowthe region of uncertainty, and the LOEC is defined as the concentrationimmediately above this region. If the region of uncertainty is large, theinvestigator may not choose to define a NOEC or LOEC.pore
33、waterwater occupying space between sediment or soilparticles (syn. interstitial water).reference sedimenta whole sediment near an area of con-cern used to assess sediment conditions exclusive of mate-rial(s) of interest.replicate, neach of several experimental units that are testedsimultaneously usi
34、ng the same experimental conditions.DISCUSSIONReplicates are independent executions of treatmentsupon experimental units, or multiple samples collected from a location.The observations from these multiple units provide the data from whichstatistics are computed. The purpose of replicates is to deter
35、mine thevariability of the effect of a given treatment within an experiment or todetermine the variability among independent samples from a givenlocation. In both field and laboratory experiments, study design andequipment must prevent of minimize exchange of test media betweenreplicates. Repeat of
36、whole experiments at different times are notconsidered replicates because time is a variable in the case of repeats.resident speciesa species that is regularly present at aspecified site for some portion of its life span.DISCUSSIONThis definition is intended to be inclusive of specieswith small home
37、 ranges, species that have foraging ranges distinct fromsleeping/reproducing areas, and migratory species. The definition isdevoid of any reference to the type of activity within a specified site(feeding, sleeping, reproducing, and so forth), but relates only tonormal presence. The concept is inclus
38、ive of stocked populations.When stocked populations are considered, it is appropriate to state thisexplicitly.riskthe probability or likelihood an adverse effect will occur.E943082sediment(1) particulate material that usually lies belowwater, and (2) formulated particulate material that is in-tended
39、 to lie below water in a test.soil, nweathered, unconsolidated mineral or unconsolidatedorganic materials overlying parent geological substratescharacteristic of terrestrial or wetland habitats.DISCUSSIONThe materials have been subjected to and show theeffects of morphogenic, environmental (for exam
40、ple, water or tempera-ture effects), or other factors, (for example, alteration by macro- ormicroorganisms or humans).spiked sedimenta sediment to which a material has beenadded for experimental purposes.surrogate speciesa species that is tested to estimate re-sponses of other species, for which dir
41、ect testing is imprac-tical.toxicant, na chemical or combination of chemicals thatadversely affects organisms, tissues, or cells at or exceedingspecific exposure concentrations.toxicitythe property of a chemical, or combination ofchemicals, to adversely affect organisms, tissues, or cells.toxicity t
42、estan experiment used to study the adverse effect(s) of one or more chemicals on whole organisms, tissues, orcells.DISCUSSIONA toxicity test must include the appropriate control (s).The only intended stipulation of endpoint for such a test is that theeffect must be adverse. This term, defines a subs
43、et of the protocols(methods) referred to by the term biological assay. (Finney, 1947).toxin, na naturally occurring toxicant produced during thegrowth and metabolism of some microorganisms, plants andanimals.uptakeacquisition of a substance from the environment byan organism as a result of any activ
44、e or passive process.whole sedimentsediment and associated pore water thathave had minimal manipulation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are i
45、nvited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv
46、ed a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E943083
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