1、Designation: E973 10 (Reapproved 2015)E973 15Standard Test Method forDetermination of the Spectral Mismatch Parameter Betweena Photovoltaic Device and a Photovoltaic Reference Cell 1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E973; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method coversprovides a procedure for t
3、he determination of a spectral mismatch parameter used in performancetesting of photovoltaic devices.1.2 The spectral mismatch parameter is a measure of the error,error introduced in the testing of a photovoltaic device, devicethat is caused by mismatch between the spectral responses of the photovol
4、taic device the photovoltaic device under test and thephotovoltaic reference cell, cell having non-identical quantum efficiencies, as well as mismatch between the test light source andthe reference spectral irradiance distribution to which the photovoltaic reference cell was calibrated. Examples of
5、reference spectralirradiance distributions are Tables E490 or G173.1.2.1 Examples of reference spectral irradiance distributions are Tables E490 or G173.1.3 The spectral mismatch parameter can be used to correct photovoltaic performance data for spectral mismatch error.1.4 Temperature-dependent quan
6、tum efficiencies are used to quantify the effects of temperature differences between testconditions and reporting conditions.1.5 This test method is intended for use with linear photovoltaic devices.devices in which short-circuit is directly proportionalto incident irradiance.1.6 The values stated i
7、n SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and h
8、ealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E490 Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance TablesE772 Terminology of Solar Energy ConversionE948 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Ph
9、otovoltaic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated SunlightE1021 Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measurements of Photovoltaic DevicesE1036 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Arrays UsingReference CellsE1039 Test Method for Calibr
10、ation of Silicon Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Primary Reference Cells Under Global Irradiation(Withdrawn 2004)3E1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a TabularSpectrumE1328 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conver
11、sion (Withdrawn 2012)3E1362 Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference CellsG138 Test Method for Calibration of a Spectroradiometer Using a Standard Source of IrradianceG173 Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37 T
12、ilted Surface1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.Current edition approved March 1, 2015Dec. 1, 2015. Published Apr
13、il 2015January 2016. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 asE973 10. 10(2015). DOI: 10.1520/E0973-10R15.10.1520/E0973-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
14、 Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically pos
15、sible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
16、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1SI10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this test method may be found in Terminology E772 and Terminology E1328.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
17、to This Standard:3.2.1 test light source, na source of illumination whose spectral irradiance will be used for the spectral mismatch calculation.The light source may be natural sunlight or a solar simulator.3.3 SymbolsThe following symbols and units are used in this test method:Mspectral mismatch pa
18、rameter,measurement error in short-circuit current,wavelength, m or nm,Rr()spectral response of reference cell, AW1,Rt()spectral response of photovoltaic device, AW1,Eirradiance, Wm2,E ()spectral irradiance, Wm2 m1 or Wm2 nm1, andEo()reference spectral irradiance, Wm2 m1 or Wm2 nm1.NOTE 1Following n
19、ormal SI rules for compound units (see Practice SI10), the units for spectral irradiance, the derivative of irradiance with respectto wavelength dE/d(), would be Wm3. However, to avoid possible confusion with a volumetric power density unit and for convenience in numericalcalculations, it is common
20、practice to separate the wavelength in the compound unit. This compound unit is also used in Tables G173 .3.3 Symbols: The following symbols and units are used in this test method:3.3.1 wavelength (m or nm).3.3.2 Das a subscript, refers to the device to be tested.3.3.3 Ras a subscript, refers to the
21、 reference cell.3.3.4 Sas a subscript, refers to the test light source.3.3.5 0as a subscript, refers to the reference spectral irradiance distribution.3.3.6 Aactive area, (m2).3.3.7 Eirradiance (Wm2).3.3.8 ES()spectral irradiance, test light source (Wm2m1 or Wm2nm1).3.3.9 E0()spectral irradiance, to
22、 which the reference cell is calibrated (Wm2m1 or Wm2nm1).3.3.9.1 DiscussionFollowing normal SI rules for compound units (see Practice SI10), the units for spectral irradiance, the derivative of irradiance,with respect to wavelength, dE/d, would be Wm3. However, to avoid possible confusion with a vo
23、lumetric power density unitand for convenience in numerical calculations, it is common practice to separate the wavelength in the compound unit. Thiscompound unit is also used in Tables G173.3.3.10 Ishort-circuit current (A).3.3.11 JLlight-generated photocurrent density (Am2).3.3.12 Mspectral mismat
24、ch parameter (dimensionless).3.3.13 Q(,T)quantum efficiency (electrons per photon or %).3.3.14 ()partial derivative of quantum efficiency with respect to temperature (electrons per photonC1 or %C1).3.3.15 R()spectral responsivity (AW1).3.3.16 Ttemperature (C).3.3.17 TR0temperature, at which the refe
25、rence cell is calibrated (C).3.3.18 TD0temperature, to which the short-circuit current of the device to be tested will be reported (C).3.3.18.1 DiscussionWhen reporting photovoltaic performance to Standard Reporting Conditions (SRC), it is common for TR0 = TD0 = 25C.3.3.19 qelectron charge (C).3.3.2
26、0 hPlanck constant (Js).3.3.21 cspeed of light (ms1).E973 1523.3.22 Ttemperature difference (C).3.3.23 measurement error in short-circuit current (dimensionless).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Spectral mismatch error occurs when a calibrated reference cell is used to measure total irradiance of a test
27、 light source (suchas a solar simulator) during a photovoltaic device performance measurement, and the incident spectral irradiance of the test lightsource differs from the reference spectral irradiance distribution to which the reference cell is calibrated.4.2 The magnitude of the error depends on
28、how the quantum efficiencies of the photovoltaic reference cell and the device tobe tested differ from one another; these quantum efficiencies vary with temperature.4.3 Determination of the spectral mismatch parameter M requires the spectral response characteristics of the photovoltaic deviceand the
29、 spectral irradiance distribution of the test light source, along with the spectral response and the reference spectral irradiancedistribution used for the reference cell calibration.six spectral quantities.4.3.1 The spectral irradiance distribution of the test light source ES().4.3.2 The reference
30、spectral irradiance distribution to which the photovoltaic reference cell was calibrated E0().4.3.3 Photovolatic Reference Cell:4.3.3.1 The quantum efficiency at the temperature corresponding to its calibration constant, QR(T0)4.3.3.2 The partial derivative of the quantum efficiency with respect to
31、temperature, R() = QR/T().4.3.4 Device to be Tested:4.3.4.1 The quantum efficiency at the temperature at which its performance will be reported, QD(,TD0).4.3.4.2 The derivative of the quantum efficiency with respect to temperature, R() = QD/T()4.4 Because all four spectral quantities appear in both
32、the numerator and the denominator in the calculation of the spectralmismatch parameter (see Temperatures of both devices are measured, 8.1), multiplicative calibration errors cancel, and thereforeMonly relative quantities areis calculated using Eq 1 needed, although absolute spectral quantities may
33、be used if available.andnumerical integration.5. Significance and Use5.1 The calculated error in the photovoltaic device current determined from the spectral mismatch parameter can be used todetermine if a measurement will be within specified limits before the actual measurement is performed.5.2 The
34、 spectral mismatch parameter also provides a means of correcting the error in the measured device current due to spectralmismatch.5.2.1 The spectral mismatch parameter is formulated as the fractional error in the short-circuit current due to spectral andtemperature differences.,5.2.2 Error due to sp
35、ectral mismatch can be is corrected by dividing the measured photovoltaic cell multiplying a referencecells measured short-circuit current by M, a proceduretechnique used in Test Methods E948 and E1036.5.3 Because all spectral quantities appear in both the numerator and the denominator in the calcul
36、ation of the spectral mismatchparameter (see 8.1), multiplicative calibration errors cancel, and therefore only relative quantities are needed (although absolutespectral quantities may be used if available).5.4 Temperature-dependent spectral mismatch is a more accurate method to correct photovoltaic
37、 current measurementscompared with fixed-value temperature coefficients.36. Apparatus6.1 Quantum Effciency Measurement ApparatusAs required by Test Method E1021 for spectral responsivity measurements.6.2 Spectral Irradiance Measurement EquipmentIn addition to the apparatusA spectroradiometer as defi
38、ned and required byTest MethodsMethod E1021G138, the following apparatus is required. and calibrated according to Test Method G138.6.2.1 The wavelength resolution shall be no greater than 10 nm.6.2.2 It is recommended that the wavelength pass-bandwith be no greater than 6 nm.6.2.3 The wavelength ran
39、ge should be wide enough to include the quantum efficiencies of both the photovoltaic device to betested and the photovoltaic reference cell.6.2.4 Spectral Irradiance Measurement InstrumentA spectroradiometer, defined in Test MethodThe spectroradiometer mustbe able to scan the required wavelength ra
40、nge in a time G138, calibrated according to Test Methodperiod short enough such thatthe G138.spectral irradiance at any wavelength does not vary more than 65 % during the entire scan.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Seaman, C., “Calibration of S
41、olar Cells by the Reference Cell MethodThe Spectral Mismatch Problem,” Solar Energy, Vol 29, 1982, pp. 291298.3 Osterwald, C. R., “Translation of Device Performance Measurements to Reference Conditions,” Campanelli, M., Moriarty, T., Emery, K. A., and Williams, R.,“Temperature-Dependent Spectral Mis
42、match Corrections,” Solar Cells,IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol 18, 1986, pp. 269279.5, No. 6, November 2015, pp. 16921697.DOI:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2459914E973 1536.1.1.1 The wavelength resolution shall be no greater than 10 nm.6.1.1.2 The wavelength pass-bandwidth shall be no greater than 6 nm.6
43、.1.1.3 The wavelength range shall be wide enough to include the spectral response of the photovoltaic device and thephotovoltaic reference cell.6.1.1.4 The spectral irradiance measurement instrument must be able to scan the required wavelength range in a time periodshort enough such that the spectra
44、l irradiance at any wavelength does not vary more than6 5 % during the entire scan.6.2.5 Test Methods E948, E1036, and E1125 provide additional guidance for spectral irradiance measurements.6.3 Temperature Measurement EquipmentAs required by Test Method E948 or Test Methods E1036.7. Procedure7.1 Det
45、ermineObtain the reference spectral responseirradiance distribution, REt0() of the photovoltaic device using TestMethods (), to which the photovoltaic reference cell is calibrated, such as Tables E1021E490 or G173.7.2 Obtain the spectral responsequantum efficiency Rof ther() of the photovoltaic refe
46、rence cell. photovoltaic reference cell atits calibration temperature, QR(,TR0).7.2.1 An expression that converts spectral responsivity to quantum efficiency is provided in Test Methods E1021.NOTE 1Test Methods E1039, E1125, and E1362 require the spectral responseresponsivity to be provided as part
47、of the reference cell calibrationcertificate.7.3 Obtain the partial derivative of quantum efficiency with respect to temperature, R(), for the photovoltaic reference cell(see 8.1).7.3.1 If R() is not provided with the calibration certificate of the photovoltaic reference cell, the derivatiave functi
48、on mustbe calculated from a series of quantum efficiency measurements at several temperatures. An acceptable procedure is given inAnnex A1.7.4 Measure the quantum efficiency of the photovoltaic device to be tested at the temperature to which its performance will bereported, QD(,TD0), and its partial
49、 derivative of quantum efficiency with respect to temperature, D(), using the procedure givenin Annex A1(see also 8.1).7.5 Measure the spectral irradiance, ES()(), of the test light source, using the spectral irradiance measurement instrument-equipment (see 6.1.16.2.1).7.6 Obtain the reference spectral irradiance distribution Measure the temperature Eo() that corresponds to the calibration of thephotovoltaic reference cell, suchTR,
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