1、Designation: E991 11Standard Practice forColor Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using theOne-Monochromator Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E991; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a fluorescent object is to obtain spectrometricdata for spe
3、cified illuminating and viewing conditions, and then use this data to compute tristimulusvalues based on an International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standard observer and a CIEstandard illuminant. For a fluorescent object-color specimen, the spectral radiance factors used tocalculate tristimul
4、us values are made up of two components an ordinary reflectance factor and afluorescence factor (b = bS+ bF). The magnitude of the fluorescent radiance factors, and consequentlythe measured total radiance factors and derived color values, vary directly with the spectraldistribution of the instrument
5、 source illuminating the specimen. Consequently, the colorimetry offluorescent object-color specimens requires greater control of the measurement parameters in order toobtain precise spectrometric and colorimetric data. In order to obtain repeatable and reproducible colorvalues for fluorescent objec
6、ts it is necessary that the illumination at the specimen surface closelyduplicate the standard illuminant used in the color calculations. The considerations involved and theprocedures used to obtain spectrometric data and compute colorimetric values for fluorescentspecimens using a one-monochromator
7、 spectrometer are contained in this practice.1. Scope1.1 This practice applies to the instrumental color measure-ment of fluorescent specimens excited by near ultraviolet andvisible radiation that results in fluorescent emission within thevisible range. It is not intended for other types of photolum
8、i-nescent materials such as phosphorescent, chemiluminescent,or electroluminescent, nor is this practice intended for themeasurement of the fluorescent properties for chemical analy-sis.1.2 This practice describes the instrumental measurementrequirements, calibration procedures, and material standar
9、dsneeded for the color measurement of fluorescent specimenswhen illuminated by simulated daylight approximating CIEStandard Illuminant D65 (CIE D65).1.3 This practice is limited in scope to colorimetric spec-trometers providing continuous broadband polychromatic illu-mination of the specimen and emp
10、loying only a viewingmonochromator for analyzing the radiation leaving the speci-men.1.4 This practice can be used for calculating total tristimulusvalues and total chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent colorsin the CIE Color System for either the CIE 1931 StandardColorimetric Observer or the CIE
11、 1964 Supplementary Stan-dard Colorimetric Observer.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
12、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D985 Test Method for Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.05 on Fluores-cence.Current ed
13、ition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E991 06. DOI:10.1520/E0991-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStand
14、ards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Paperboard (Directional Reflectance at 457 nm)3D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerance
15、s andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE691 Practice
16、 for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-ColorSpecimens by SpectrophotometryE1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
17、Color Measurement by Use of Multiple MeasurementsE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjects from Bispectral Photometric DataE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectra
18、l Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-mance of Color-Measuring InstrumentsE2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties ofFluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materi-als for High Visibility Traffic Control and
19、Personal SafetyApplications Using 45:Normal Geometry2.2 CIE Publications and Standards:4CIE Publication CIE15:2004 Colorimetry, 3rd EditionCIE Publication No: 51.2 AMethod forAssessing the Qual-ity of Daylight Simulators for ColorimetryCIE Publication No. 76 Intercomparison on Measurementof (Total)
20、Spectral Radiance Factor of Luminescent Speci-mens2.3 TAPPI Standards:5T 571om-03 Diffuse brightness of paper and paperboard(d/0)2.4 ISO Standards:6ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005/E-1998 CIE Standard Illumi-nants for ColorimetryISO 11475:2004 Paper and board Determination of CIEwhiteness, D65/10 degrees (ou
21、tdoor daylight)ISO 2469:1994 Paper, board and pulps Measurement ofdiffuse reflectance factor3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: The definitions contained in Guide E179,Terminology E284, Practice E1164, Practice E1767, and Prac-tice E2153 are applicable to this test method.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specifi
22、c to This Standard:3.2.1 fluorescence, nthis standard uses the term “fluores-cence” as a general term, including both true fluorescence(with a luminescent decay time of less than 10-8s) andphosphorescence with a delay time short enough to be indis-tinguishable from fluorescence for the purpose of co
23、lorimetry(see Practice E2153).3.2.2 fluorescent white, nwhite and near white specimenscontaining fluorescent whitening agents.3.2.3 near ultraviolet radiation, noptical radiation withinthe wavelength range from 300 to 380 nm.3.2.4 referee procedure, na mutually agree upon testingprocedure utilized t
24、o resolve disputes over instrumentallytested material properties that are expressed numerically.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice applies to the instrumental color measure-ment of fluorescent specimens that are excited by near ultra-violet and visible radiation and emit within the visible rang
25、e.For methods to determine whether specimens exhibit fluores-cence see Practice E1247. This practice provides proceduresfor measuring the total spectral radiance factors of fluorescentobject-color specimens under simulated daylight approximat-ing CIE D65 using a one-monochromator colorimetric spec-t
26、rometer and calculating total tristimulus values (XYZ) andtotal chromaticity coordinates (x,y) in the CIE Color Systemfor either the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer or theCIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colorimetric Observer (seeCIE Publication CIE15:2004 15).4.2 The instrument source should
27、 provide broadband illu-mination of the specimen from 300 to 780 nm and the spectraldistribution of the illumination on the specimen should closelyduplicate CIE D65 (see ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005/E-1998).When highest measurement precision and reproducibility arerequired, the wavelength range should ex
28、tend from 300 to 830nm. Precise colorimetry of ultraviolet-activated fluorescentspecimens requires the instrument provide significant illumi-nation intensity below 380 nm. For the measurement ofvisible-activated fluorescent specimens, which have negligibleexcitation below 380 nm, it is only required
29、 that the illumina-tion on the specimen provide a close match to CIE D65 overthe wavelength range 380 to 780 nm.4.3 The colorimetric spectrometer should employ a bidirec-tional optical measuring system with 45:0 or 0:45 illuminatingand viewing geometry. The wavelength dispersive element(monochromato
30、r) shall be positioned between the specimenand the detector system (see CIE Pub. 76). The instrument mayemploy annular, circumferential, or uniplanar influx or effluxoptics. The use of Practice E1767 functional notation isrecommended for the complete description of instrumentationgeometry including
31、cone angles, aperture size, etc. When thespecimen exhibits directionality, and an instrument with uni-planar geometry is used, information on directionality may beobtained by measuring the specimens at two or more rotation3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is reference
32、don www.astm.org.4Available in hard copy or on CD-ROM at CIE/USA c/o TLA, 7 Pond St.,Salem, MA 01970 TMLatTLA or electronically downloadable via thewebsite of the CIE Central Bureau (www.cie.co.at).5Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway Sou
33、th, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.E991 112angles. If information on directionality is not required, thenmultiple uniplanar measu
34、rements may be averaged, or aninstrument with annular or circumferential geometry may beused. However, even with annular or circumferential influx orefflux optics, some of the variability induced by specimen-optical system interactions may remain and the application ofthe methods in Practice E1345 m
35、ay help to reduce measure-ment variability.4.4 The important steps in the calibration of such instru-ments, and the material standards required for these steps, aredescribed. Guidelines are given for the selection of specimensto minimize the specimens contribution to the measurementimprecision. Para
36、meters are identified that must be specifiedwhen spectrometric measurements are required in specific testmethods or other documents.4.5 Most modern colorimetric spectrometers have the ca-pacity to compute the color coordinates of the specimenimmediately following the measurement. When this is the ca
37、se,the user shall select the CIE Color System and CIE D65, thenchose either the CIE 1931 (2) Standard Observer or CIE 1964(10) Supplementary Observer (see Practice E308).5. Significance and Use5.1 The most general method for obtaining CIE tristimulusvalues or, through their transformation, other coo
38、rdinates fordescribing the colors of fluorescent objects is by the use ofspectrometric data obtained under defined and controlledconditions of illumination and viewing. This practice describesthe instrumental measurement requirements, calibration proce-dures, and material standards needed for measur
39、ing the totalspectral radiance factors of fluorescent specimens illuminatedby simulated daylight approximating CIE D65 and calculatingtotal tristimulus values and total chromaticity coordinates foreither the CIE 1931 or 1964 observers.5.2 The precise colorimetry of fluorescent specimens re-quires th
40、e spectral distribution of the instrument light sourceilluminating the specimen closely duplicate the colorimetricilluminant used for the calculation of tristimulus values, whichis CIE D65 in this practice. The fundamental basis for thisrequirement follows from the defining property of a fluorescent
41、specimen: instantaneous light emission resulting from elec-tronic excitation by absorption of radiant energy (h) where thewavelengths of emission (l) are as a rule longer than theexcitation wavelengths (1).7For a fluorescent specimen, thetotal spectral radiance factors used to calculate tristimulusv
42、alues are the sum of two components an ordinary reflectancefactor, b(l)S, and a fluorescence factor, b(h,l)F: b(l)=b(l)S+ b(h,l)F. Ordinary spectral reflectance factors aresolely a function of the specimens reflected radiance efficiencyat the viewing wavelength (l) and independent of the spectraldis
43、tribution of the illumination. The values of the spectralfluorescent radiance factors at the viewing wavelength (l) varydirectly with the absolute spectral distribution of illuminationwithin the excitation range (h), and consequently so will thetotal spectral radiance factors and derived colorimetri
44、c values.One-monochromator colorimetric spectrometers used in thispractice are generally designed for the color measurement ofordinary (non-fluorescent) specimens and the precision withwhich they can measure the color of fluorescent specimens isdirectly dependent on how well the instrument illuminat
45、ionsimulates CIE D65.5.3 CIE D65 is a virtual illuminant that numerically definesa standardized spectral illumination distribution for daylightand not a physical light source (2). There is no CIE recom-mendation for a standard source corresponding to CIE D65 noris there a standardized method for rat
46、ing the quality (oradequacy) of an instruments simulation of CIE D65 for thegeneral instrumental colorimetry of fluorescent specimens. Therequirement that the instrument simulation of CIE D65 shallhave a rating not worse than BB (CIELAB) as determined bythe method of CIE Publication 51 has often bee
47、n referenced.However, the method of CIE 51 is only suitable for ultraviolet-excited specimens evaluated for the CIE 1964 (10) observer.The methods described in CIE 51 were developed for UVactivated fluorescent whites and have not been proven to beapplicable to visible-activated fluorescent specimens
48、.NOTE 1Aging of the instrument lamp will occur with normal usageresulting in changes in the spectral distribution and intensity of theillumination on the specimen over time. Measurement of the spectraldistribution of the illumination at the sample port and evaluation of theadequacy of the CIE D65 si
49、mulation at regular intervals are recom-mended.5.4 Differences in the absolute spectral irradiance distribu-tion on the specimen between instrument models can producesignificant variation in the measured color values of fluorescentspecimens and result in poor reproducibility (3). In order toadequately reproduce the spectral irradiance on the specimenrequired for maximum measurement reproducibility, it may benecessary for a single model of instrument to be specified foruse by both buyer and seller.5.5 This practice is primarily for the instrumental color
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