1、Designation: F1084 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forSampling Oil/Water Mixtures for Oil Spill RecoveryEquipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended for sampling flowing or station-ary oil/water mixtures. It is intended for use with oil sp
3、illrecovery devices either in testing or in documentation of fieldperformance.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with i
4、ts use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge
5、 Method (Laboratory Procedure)D4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)F625 Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill ControlSystems3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide provides techniques for obtaining represen-tative samples of oil
6、and water mixtures. This information isnecessary in the calculation of oil recovery efficiency and oilrecovery rates for oil collection devices.3.2 Sampling Stationary MixturesWhen recovered oil/water mixtures are contained within a holding tank and therelative oil content of the recovered fluid is
7、needed, thesampling technique is somewhat dependent on the container.Two techniques are outlined in this guide. If the container hasa flat bottom with straight sides perpendicular to the base (ornearly so), either stationary technique can be implemented,with the stratified sampling method preferred.
8、 If the containeris irregular in either the horizontal or vertical cross section, themixing method is preferred.3.3 Sampling Flowing MixturesTo sample flowing mix-tures containing both oil and water, turbulence is induced, tocreate a homogenous mixture while sampling. The oil contentin the sample ta
9、ken from the flowing stream can then be usedto quantify the performance-rating criterion (see ProcedureSection of Test Method D1796).4. Number of Samples4.1 Take a minimum of four samples under each set ofconditions to average results and store the samples separately.In less ideal sampling condition
10、s, take additional samples.5. Containers5.1 A dry, water-washed glass sample container.6. Labeling6.1 Mark the sample container with the source, type of oil,date and time of sampling, the name of the person taking thesample, and a sample number. Require water and oil-resistantlabeling. If several re
11、ceiving containers are to be sampled, theymust be identified and the samples marked for later coordina-tion.7. Preservation and Storage7.1 The samples do not require special treatment to preservetheir integrity other than ensuring that they remain sealed untilanalyzed. Note date and time of analysis
12、 for each sample.8. Procedure8.1 Baseline DataThe test fluids may be crude, refined, orsynthetic oils. Record type, specific gravity, viscosity, andtemperature of each oil together with the environmentalconditions (see Practice F625), air temperature, and slickthickness beyond the influence of the r
13、ecovery equipment foreach test point.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originallyapproved in 1987.
14、Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1084 08. DOI:10.1520/F1084-08R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
15、e ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States18.2 Sampling from a ContainerThis procedure is intendedfor taking a representative sample of collected fluids held in acontainer. When sampling containers, it is advisable
16、 to removeas much of the aqueous phase as possible prior to sampling. Ifthis is possible, measure and record the volume of waterremoved, which will contain dissolved hydrocarbons, for latercalculation of the relative oil/water composition. The precisionof the measurement will improve with removal of
17、 the aqueousphase.8.2.1 Mixing Method:8.2.1.1 Mix the container of stratified oil and water usingany method which will achieve homogeneity during sampling(high-speed propeller, liquid jet, or homogenizing pump).Operate the mixer for a minimum of 5 min. Longer mixingtimes are preferable to ensure hom
18、ogeneity.NOTE 1Although this mixing method has been geared toward electricmixers, alternate mixing methods could be used (air or liquid mixing jets,homogenizing pumps), so long as a homogeneous mixture of the entirevolume is created. Immediately after mixing, obtain a representativesample of the hom
19、ogeneous mixture by lowering a 250 to 500-mLsmall-mouthed bottle (from which the cap has been removed) at a constantslow rate from the surface of the mixture to the bottom of the tank.Immediately remove the bottle by slowly raising it through the mixture. Ifnecessary, repeat the process to ensure th
20、at at least 50 mL of sample willbe available for laboratory analysis. Do not fill the bottle to the top.8.2.1.2 LimitationsThe size of the sampled fluid containeris limited by the mixing capability available for thoroughlyhomogenizing the oil and water. Mixtures where the relative oilcontent is less
21、 than 20 % probably will not form a stableemulsion for sampling; making this method inappropriate forthese mixtures.NOTE 2Certain oils (N-dimethylformamide, military jet engine fuel,DMF, JP5) will not form stable emulsions. Speed is important in thesecases as the homogeneity of the mixture diminishe
22、s rapidly.8.2.2 Nonmixing Method:8.2.2.1 Where recovered oil/water mixtures cannot be ho-mogenized or the emulsion formed is not easily broken, inserta stratified sampler into the nonmixed fluids to obtain a crosssection of the fluids. Construct the stratified sampler as shownin Fig. 1.8.2.2.2 Strat
23、ified Mixture SamplingPlace the entire sam-pler within the mixture to be sampled, with the outer sheath inthe raised (open) position to expose the inner core. Lower theouter sheath to capture a set of samples in the annularsegments. Remove the entire sampler, wipe clean, and draineach sample contain
24、er through a clean funnel.8.2.2.3 LimitationsSampling with this device limits thesize of the sampled tank. The physical workings of the samplerdictate that the tank cannot be greater in depth than the heightthat the sample taker can comfortably reach above the top ofthe tank. Movement of the tank ca
25、n give nonrepresentativesamples because of the rolling oil/water interface. Use on smallvessels in the high seas requires that additional samples betaken and results averaged. The sampler must be thoroughlycleaned between sample takings.NOTE 3If the container is irregular in vertical cross section,
26、thesegments within the sample should not be analyzed as a whole. Eachsegment must be analyzed separately and averaged on a representative-volume-weight basis. Each segment must be large enough to capture a 50mL sample for analysis.8.3 Sampling from a FlowWhen it is necessary to samplea flowing strea
27、m, eliminate the possibility of multilayer orstratified flow and bring the stream into a turbulent flowcondition.8.3.1 Position a static mixer (sometimes called an in-line ormotionless mixer) in the skimmer discharge by-pass line, onthe high-pressure side of the recovery pump. Immediately afterthe s
28、tatic mixer, install a sampling port shaped like a fixed Pitottube (see Fig. 2) at the pipe center. It should be accessible andeasy to use. Specify the static mixer to produce disperseddroplets having a mean droplet diameter of approximatelyNOTE 1Align holes on slots in inner and outer sleeve to let
29、 sampleinto zones of the sampler. When sampler is closed, holes are covered andsampler is secured.FIG. 1 Stratified Sampler with Construction DetailsFIG. 2 Sampling BypassF1084 08 (2013)22000 m at the expected flow rate and oil content. This methodwill provide a representative sample which can be us
30、ed todetermine the percentage of oil in the flowing oil/water mixtureencountered.NOTE 4Because this is a measurement taken over a short timeinterval, it must be considered to be a differential measurement and manysamples must be taken to ensure validity, especially in the start up portionof the oil
31、recovery operation when conditions are rapidly changing.NOTE 5Although this method requires many samples to be taken, it isadvisable not to keep the sampling port in constant operation. The mixedfluids are, by choice, a dispersion, which should separate readily, but theintentional mixing of the reco
32、vered oil and water should be avoided inongoing oil recovery operation. The mixing elements within the mixermay also cause a significant pressure drop which may be deleterious toskimmer performance. The mixer will be sensitive to debris, particularlystring-like debris (sorbent, seaweed, fishing line
33、) that will tend to wraparound the elements. The use of a by-pass parallel to the main flow isrecommended.NOTE 6Sampling ports, lines, or by-passes, should be purged for asuitable time before actual samples are taken.9. Procedure for Determining Percent of Oil in Mixtureby Instruction or Reference9.
34、1 Refer to Test Method D4007.10. Accuracy10.1 Stationary MixturesThese procedures have been de-veloped with known oil/water mixtures in flat-bottom contain-ers holding less than 2 m3of mixture.10.1.1 Mixing MethodThe comparison of the known oilcontent to that determined using the mixing method yield
35、ed amaximum difference of 6 % and an average difference of 2 %.The known oil content error was approximately 1 %. The mixmethod will yield results within 7 %.10.1.2 Stratified MethodThe comparison of known oilcontent to the determined oil content yielded a maximumdifference of 6 % and an average of
36、2 %. When the stratifiedmixture is sampled without free-standing water removal, theanalysis is considered to be accurate within 4 %.10.2 Flowing MixturesThe difference between the oilcontent determined with a sample of the total flow by themixing method and the oil content determined by averaging th
37、ePitot tube sample results was 4 %. The maximum differencewas 7 %, which is considered to be the limit of the accuracy inthe method.NOTE 7These procedures have been confirmed with known oilcontent ranging from 10 % to 90 %, but have not undergone completeround-robin testing. The differences between
38、known oil content andanalyzed oil content include the errors of sampling technique, sampleretrieval, and sample analysis.11. Keywords11.1 oil spill; oil spill recovery; oil/water mixturesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
39、 item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical
40、committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at
41、 a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
42、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1084 08 (2013)3
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