1、Designation: F1127 07 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forContainment of Hazardous Material Spills by EmergencyResponse Personnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1127; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread ofhazardous materials that have been discharged in
3、to the envi-ronment. It is directed toward those emergency responsepersonnel who have had adequate hazardous material responsetraining.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided fo
4、r information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F716 Test Methods for Sorbent Performance of AbsorbentsF726 Test Method for Sorbent Performance of AdsorbentsF1129 Guide for UsingAqueous Foams to Control the VaporHazard from Immiscible Volatile LiquidsF152
5、5 Guide for Use of Membrane Technology in Mitigat-ing Hazardous Chemical Spills2.2 Federal Schedules:32001.32001.42008.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 absorbenta material that picks up and retains aliquid distributed throughout its molecular structure causingt
6、he solid to swell (50 % or more). The absorbent is at least70 % insoluble in excess fluid.3.1.2 adsorbentan insoluble material that is coated by aliquid on its surface including pores and capillaries.3.1.3 gellanta material such as colloidal network or otheraggregate network which pervades and holds
7、 a liquid in ahighly viscous fragile structure. Many gels may rapidly liquefywith added heat or ionic/polar addition. These materials aresoluble/flowable in excess liquid.3.1.4 sorbentan insoluble material or mixture of materialsused to recover liquids through the mechanisms of absorptionor adsorpti
8、on, or both.3.1.5 thickenera material (usually of higher molecularweight) that is soluble in excess liquid. These materials gofrom dry to gummy (viscoelastic) to flowable and then soluble.The final viscosity depends only on the liquid to solid ratio.3.1.6 universal sorbentan insoluble material or mi
9、xture ofmaterials that will sorb both hydrophobic and hydrophilicliquid spills.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide contains information regarding the contain-ment of a hazardous material that has escaped from itscontainer. If a material can be contained, the impact on theenvironment and the threat
10、 it poses to responders and thegeneral public is usually reduced. The techniques described inthis guide are among those that may be used by emergencyresponders to lessen the impact of a discharge.4.2 Emergency responders might include police, fire servicepersonnel, government spill response personne
11、l, industrialresponse personnel, or spill response contractors. In order toapply any of the techniques described in this guide, appropriatetraining is recommended.5. Containment Methodology5.1 Containment equipment, procedures, and techniques canbe categorized into three general functional classes:
12、(a) patch/plug, (b) enclosure, and (c) immobilization. The importantadvantage of containment is that it restricts the spreading of aspill and makes cleanup easier. Careful selection of techniquesand materials is required. Errors in judgment can lead toworsening of the situation, deflagration or deto
13、nation, andincreased hazard to personnel involved in the cleanup.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.22 on Mitigation Actions.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published Apr
14、il 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1127 07. DOI:10.1520/F1127-07R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
15、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
16、PA 19428-2959. United States16. Patches and Plugs (General)6.1 Diminishing or stopping the flow of a leaking hazardousmaterial is desirable in order to limit the size of the spill. Thefollowing techniques may be helpful in controlling leaks,provided response personnel can use them safely under exist
17、-ing conditions. Whichever method is used, it should be notedthat the higher the pressure inside the container, the moredifficult it is to plug the leak.6.1.1 Wood PlugWooden cones and wedges may be ham-mered into leaking containers (drums, tanks, pipes, and soforth). Softwoods in particular are eas
18、ily sawed or lathe-turnedand conform well to irregular shapes. Additionally, softwoodmay absorb liquid and swell, enhancing its capacity to seal aleak. Wedges or cedar shingles are especially applicable tosplits, gouges, rips, and tears. Rigid plywood sheets or com-patible closed cell flexible plast
19、ic foam 1 to 2-in. (25 to50-mm) thick can be fastened over a damaged area with “T”bolts, tie-down toggle, molly, butterfly bolts, straps, or bymechanical bracing and wedging. To minimize leakage be-tween the plywood and the container, a gasket of rubber orflexible closed cell plastic foam, putty, bu
20、tyl rubber caulk, leadwool, or oakum may be used.6.1.2 Metal SheetVarious sizes of steel or aluminumsheets can be fastened over damaged areas by mechanicalmethods (“T” bolts, toggle bolts, bracing, strapping, and soforth). Gasketing material between the metal and the containergenerally provides more
21、 positive sealing.6.1.3 Inflatable Plugs and BagsReinforced rubber andcoated-fabric plugs can be inserted into an opening and inflatedwith gas (air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) or water to form a seal.Lead-sealing bags can be secured with straps, chains, cables,fire hoses, or bands to seal a leaking c
22、ontainer.6.1.4 Fabric PatchFabrics such as neoprene-coated nyloncan be positioned over leaks and held in place by bands, chains,straps, and so forth. Wood, plastic, or metal reinforcementsmay be required.6.1.5 Formed PlugClosedcell polymeric foam (forexample, polyurethane or polyethylene), epoxy put
23、ty, or quick-setting hydraulic cement may be injected into a rigid concaveform through a tubular handle or it may be troweled onto theform and placed against the damaged area. Once the patchingmaterial hardens, the support form may be removed.6.1.6 Caulking PatchEpoxy, plastic steel/aluminum, leadwo
24、ol, clay-polymer mixtures, and oakum can be spread,troweled, or peened into cracks and small holes. Rapid-curingmaterials are available.6.1.7 Foam Plug (Self-Expanding)A package ofpolyethylene, polyurethane, or low-density neoprene rubberfoam (all closed-cell) formed into a compact shape by com-pres
25、sion and vacuum packing may be opened allowing thefoam to expand and fill the leak area. These plugs may not bereadily available.6.1.8 Magnetic PatchMagnetic sheets (rubber-bondedbarium ferrite composite, with or without adhesive) backed bya thin sheet of steel foil may be strapped over the damageda
26、rea.6.1.9 Mechanical PatchNeoprene or rubber stoppers, rub-ber balls, and plywood or spring steel sheets with neoprenegaskets can be mechanically held in or on the damaged area.Toggle and “T” bolts, washers, and wing nuts are usefulattachments.6.1.10 Adhesive PatchAdhesive patches sometimes workbut
27、usually require tedious surface preparation. Tape (duct,lead, aluminum, or stainless steel) is useful when applied overa wooden or rubber plug before application of epoxy to createa relatively permanent repair.6.1.11 Bladder WrapCoated fabric or reinforced rubberpipe patches (similar to a clamp) wit
28、h integral inflation bladdercan be secured around a pipe or small round container withnylon self-adhesive fabric. Velcro, fire hoses, banding/strapping material, or automotive tie-downs may be used tosecure the wrap.6.1.12 Pipe PinchA “C”-shaped clamp device with hy-draulically or explosively operat
29、ed ram can flatten a section ofpipe to pinch off the fluid flow.7. Enclosure7.1 Approved salvage drums (overpacks, recovery drums,waste drums, “open-head” drums) may be used to encapsulateleaking drums or other small containers. Contaminated mate-rials (tools, clothing, soil) and plastic bags holdin
30、g usedsorbents or contaminated items also may be enclosed insalvage drums.Approved enclosure containers may be used fortransport, storage, and disposal of many hazardous materials.8. Immobilization8.1 Once a hazardous material has escaped from itscontainer, it may be possible to immobilize the mater
31、ial toprevent it from spreading. There are a number of methods thatmay be used to accomplish this task; these methods varydepending on whether the material is a liquid, a solid, or isvolatile and escapes as a gas.8.2 Liquids:8.2.1 Spills of hazardous liquids (including slurries) are themost difficul
32、t of spill problems. Good management practiceaims to contain the material and localize it in a concentratedform. Typical procedures that can be used to affect thespreading of a spilled liquid are as follows:8.2.2 Change the physical properties of the liquid by modi-fying the viscosity or vapor press
33、ure by temperature change(usually cooling).8.2.3 Immobilize the liquid by use of an adsorbent,absorbent, or a gelling agent (see 8.3.1.2).8.2.4 Pump to a suitable container or lined pit.8.2.5 Erect physical barriers.8.2.6 Form dikes from earth sandbags, water inflatable bags,weighted adsorbent foame
34、d plastic, or absorbent sand mixture.8.2.7 Assemble collapsible containers (for example, plasticswimming pools, if compatible) or use a plastic film-linedground depression or pit for containment.8.2.8 Deploy collection or containment devices such asboom curtains and portable dams. Suitable floating
35、absorbentscan help in preventing these booms from being made ineffec-tive by stream current physically stripping liquid underneath.F1127 07 (2013)28.2.9 A porous or wire mesh boom can be efficiently usedwith the proper floating absorbent material. A board boom isalso effective in a ditch.8.2.10 A re
36、verse flow weir can be used to concentratefloating fluids.8.2.11 Sewers or other types of drainage in the path of aspreading spill should be blocked. An absorbent/sand mixturecan be used as a sealing dike or a soft closed-cell plastic foamcan be used to cover the opening. Many impermeable systemscan
37、 be used to seal the openings.8.2.12 When a spilled material has a density greater thanwater, a weighted water insensitive sorbent can be placed at thebottom of a watercourse or sewer to pick up and immobilize aspill.8.3 Land Spills:8.3.1 Typical methods for handling spills on land are listed,includ
38、ing pumping, sorbents (adsorbents and absorbents),gellants, dikes, dams, trenches, soil and dike sealants andphysical state modifications.8.3.1.1 PumpingIf a pool of spilled liquid can be con-tained on land, the most direct mitigation is to pump it into asuitable container (or to use a vacuum truck)
39、. Compatibility ofall equipment with the material being handled is necessary.Many of the typical materials widely used for oil containmentand cleanup are not suitable for many hazardous materials.Gaskets and sealants for pumping units may be oil resistant butfail quickly with a hazardous material. F
40、or low-boiling-pointliquids, the pump inlet will have to be below the level of theliquid. Otherwise, pump suction will cause the liquid to boiland the pump to cavitate. When pumping materials whosevapor is flammable, use nonsparking or explosion-proof equip-ment. Employ a grounded system so that sta
41、tic electric buildupcannot occur at discharge ports or nozzles.8.3.1.2 SorbentsSorbent is an insoluble material and is ageneral term applied to both absorbents and adsorbents. Thesource of these products can be natural or synthetic. They canbe organic, inorganic, or mixed in composition. Proper use
42、ofthese materials depends on the compatibility with the type ofspill, location, and type of sorbent to be used. The FederalSchedule 2008.1-1.1 and 2001.3 recommends the use of inertmaterials (that is, sorbents without reference to the size of aspill). It also gives the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) the
43、directive to use that material or method best suited to mitigatethe spill. A separate part of this regulation (2001.4) prohibitsadding any harmful substance in any quantity to water. For“hazardous materials,” this prohibits the wringing out ofsorbents (absorbents) for reuse. So-called “universal or
44、broadrange” sorbents are covered in 8.3.1.7, since they are oftenmixtures of the singly defined types. It is also true that thebroad range of materials considered hazardous makes a trulyuniversal material unlikely. Since these materials are totallydifferent, the definitions developed in Test Methods
45、 F716 andF726 are included in Section 3 of this guide.8.3.1.3 AdsorbentsAdsorbent materials are insoluble andinert to the spilled material and usually have a large surfacearea. Since adsorption is by definition only a surface coatingprocess, high surface area is advantageous if the fluid hassufficie
46、ntly low viscosity to cover it. An incomplete list ofadsorbent materials includes plastic foams, plastic fibers, straw,peat, sand, porous clay, feathers, foamed glass and silicates,activated alumina, and soil. The surface can be external as in afiber, or internal as inside a granule of activated car
47、bon. If thesolid matrix does not change size, then the sorption phenom-enon is called adsorption and the material for the liquidintended is an adsorbent. Since the spilled fluid is available onthe surface of an adsorbent, it may be removable. This can bean advantage if separation following recovery
48、is important. It isdetrimental to the extent that:(1) The liquid can usually be removed by leaching (even bywater used in clean up), rain, and so forth.(2) Vaporization loss is often increased by increasingexposed surface area. If the vapor is toxic or hazardous, thiscould be a major consideration.(
49、3) The adsorbent may leak fluid, causing secondary spillproblems.(4) Since adsorbents can usually be wrung out, they easilycontaminate personnel handling them. In the line of safetyawareness, what is suitable for No. 6 fuel oil or even No. 2 fueloil may be inadequate, if not hazard increasing, for gasoline,styrene, acrylonitrile, and so forth.8.3.1.4 AbsorbentsAbsorbent materials are insoluble andinert to the spilled material but physically swell up in it. Theyoften have a low surface area. They are also adsorbent by thenature of their surface area but since
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