1、Designation: F1166 07 (Reapproved 2013) An American National StandardStandard Practice forHuman Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment,and Facilities1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1166; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from ahuman-machine
3、 perspective for the design and construction ofmaritime vessels and structures and for equipments, systems,and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchasedhardware and software.1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design andevaluation of human-machine interfaces, including
4、the inter-faces between humans on the one side and controls anddisplays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panelsand workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces,maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computerscreens, material handling, valves, and other specific equip
5、-ments on the other.1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall beapplied to the design and construction of all hardware andsoftware within a ship or maritime structure that the humancrew members come in contact in any manner for operation,habitability, and maintenance purposes.1.3 Unless
6、otherwise stated in specific provisions of a shipor maritime structure design contract or specification, thispractice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures,equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potentialuser population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.1.4 This pract
7、ice is divided into the following sections andsubsections:TABLE OF CONTENTSSectionandSubsectionsTitle1 Scope2 Referenced Documents3 TerminologyTABLE OF CONTENTSSectionandSubsectionsTitle4 Significance and Use5 Controls5.1 Principles of Control Design5.2 General Design Guidelines5.3 Control Movement5
8、.4 Control Spacing5.5 Coding of Controls5.6 Control Use and Design6 Displays6.1 Visual Displays6.2 Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays6.3 Display Illumination6.4 Display Types6.5 Audible Displays7 Alarms7.1 General Alarm Requirements7.2 Visual Alarms7.3 Audible Alarms7.4 Voi
9、ce Messages7.5 Alarm Initiation Stations7.6 Alarm Requirements by IMO8 Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms8.1 Principles of Design8.2 Grouping RelationshipsPrinciples of Arrangement8.3 Separating Groupings8.4 Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms8.5 Position Relationships of Contro
10、ls to Associated Displays and Alarms8.6 Control and Display Movement Relationships8.7 Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment8.8 Alternative Approach to Grouping Design8.9 Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges9 Anthropometry9.1 General Design Requ
11、irements9.2 Static Anthropometric Data10 Workplace Arrangements10.1 Basic Principles of Workplace Design10.2 Seated Workstation10.3 Standing Workstation10.4 Kneeling Workstation10.5 Squatting Workstation10.6 Shelving10.7 Status Boards and File Cabinets10.8 Work Benches10.9 Vertical Strainers and Fil
12、ters10.10 Reach Limitations at Workstations10.11 Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers10.12 Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays10.13 Hand Cranks and Pumps10.14 Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment10.15 Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing10.16 Consoles and Control Panels1This practice
13、 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 onGeneral Requirements.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1166 07.
14、 DOI:10.1520/F1166-07R13.2Auser-friendly format of this standard is available for download fromASTMswebsite. While the content is the same,ASTM Practice F1166 in standard publishedformat should be considered the official version (for any legal or liability purposes).Copyright ASTM International, 100
15、 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE OF CONTENTSSectionandSubsectionsTitle10.17 Bridge Design11 Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps,Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passagewaysand Walkways, and Work Pla
16、tforms)11.1 Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps11.2 Stairs11.3 Ramps11.4 Vertical Ladders11.5 Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages11.6 Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices11.7 Special Ladder Requirements11.8 Handle/Hand Grab11.9 Individual Rung Ladders11.10 D-Ring Ladders11.11 Handrails11.12
17、Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of PersonnelMovement11.13 Elevated Work Platforms11.14 Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-OutPanels11.15 Doors and Arches11.16 Permanent Means of Access (PMA)12 Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location12.1 General Design Requir
18、ements12.2 Valve Criticality and Location12.3 Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated12.4 Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves12.5 Alternative Valve Orientations12.6 Valve Manifolds13 Human-Computer Interface13.1 General Design Requirements13.2 System Op
19、erations13.3 Computer Displays13.4 Display Content13.5 Display Coding13.6 Dynamic Displays13.7 Display Format13.8 Textual Data Displays13.9 Graphic Displays13.10 Audio Displays13.11 Data Entry13.12 Interactive Control13.13 Graphic Controls13.14 Windows13.15 Menus13.16 Forms13.17 Alarms13.18 Language
20、13.19 Feedback13.20 Prompts13.21 Defaults13.22 Error Management/Data Protection13.23 Data Security13.24 Help13.25 Software13.26 Data Transmission/Messaging13.27 Input Devices13.28 Cursors13.29 Printing14 Habitability14.1 Noise14.2 Indoor Climate14.3 Lighting14.4 Whole-body Vibration and Shock15 Labe
21、ling15.1 Design Criteria of Labels15.2 Abbreviations15.3 Symbols15.4 Component Labels on Consoles and Panels15.5 Equipment Identification Labels15.6 Electrical System Labels15.7 Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels15.8 Pipe Marker Labels15.9 Safe Working Load Identification LabelsTABLE O
22、F CONTENTSSectionandSubsectionsTitle15.10 Load Weight Identification Labels15.11 Hazard Identification Signs15.12 Information Signs15.13 Instruction Labels15.14 Graphical Schematics or Diagrams15.15 Orientation Plans15.16 Emergency Instructions16 Material Handling16.1 Design to Support Manual Materi
23、al Lifting and Carrying16.2 Weight Lifting16.3 Weight Carrying16.4 Design to Push for Manual Material Handling16.5 Design of Handles and Grasp Areas16.6 Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices16.7 Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies16.8 Crane Design17 Maintenance17.1 General Design Requirement
24、s17.2 Maintenance Accessibility17.3 Maintenance Environments17.4 Lubrication17.5 Cases17.6 Covers17.7 Fasteners17.8 Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access17.9 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting17.10 Equipment Modularization17.11 Equipment Mounting and Installation17.12 Standardizatio
25、n17.13 Electrical Wires and Cables17.14 Conductors17.15 Connectors17.16 Test Equipment17.17 Fuses and Circuit Breakers17.18 Hydraulic Systems17.19 Stored Energy Devices17.20 Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds17.21 Test and Sample Points18 Hazards and Safety18.1 Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area
26、Markings18.2 General Workplace Hazards18.3 General Equipment-Related Hazards18.4 Electrical Hazards18.5 Mechanical Hazards18.6 Fluid Hazards18.7 Safety Barriers18.8 Fall Protection18.9 Emergency Egress19 Communications19.1 Communication System Requirements19.2 Microphones19.3 Headsets19.4 Loudspeake
27、rs19.5 Telephone SystemsAppendixX1Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design ChecklistLIST OF FIGURESFigure Title1 Control Movement Expectations2 Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements3 Pedal Location and Design Requirements4 Lateral Spacing for Pedals5 Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls6
28、Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls7 Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of ContinuousRotary Controls8 Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks9 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required forCranks10 Design Criteria for Pushbuttons11 Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit P
29、ushbuttons)12 Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches13 Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle SwitchesF1166 07 (2013)2LIST OF FIGURESFigure Title14 Design Requirements for Rocker Switches15 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete SlideSwitch Controls16 Dimensions
30、, Resistance, and Separation for ContinuousSlide Controls17 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers18 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers19 Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-PullControls20 Visual Lines of Sight21 Primary and Secondary Fields-of-View22 Des
31、ign Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor ScaleMarkings23 Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale NumberingAlternatives24 Scale Number Placement25 Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display26 Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular DialDisplays27 Aligned Pointers for R
32、apid Check Readings28 Digital Display Design Requirements29 Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function30 Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipments31 Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Controland Display Groupings (Not Recommended)32 Grouping Controls and Displays
33、by Common Equipment33 Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use34 Grouping with Physical Separation35 Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders36 Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads37 Grouping with Sub-panels38 Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays forRight-Handed Operator
34、39 Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays40 Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Rowof Controls41 Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control42 Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and StatusIndicator43 Control and Display Movement Relations
35、hip44 Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, andEquipment45 Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and ControlPanels46 Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays47 Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment inRemote Space48 Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Lay
36、out49 Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of EquipmentLayout50 Standing Body Dimensions51 Seated Body Dimensions52 Depth and Breadth Dimensions53 Hand and Foot Dimensions54 Gloved Hand Dimensions55 Seated Workspace Dimensions56 Dimensions for a Computer Workstation57 Dimensions for Single or Mul
37、tiple Personnel at a Table orOther Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk58 Seating at CRT-Type Workstations59 Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation60 Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel61 Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel62 Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel63 Display Mou
38、nting Height for Standing Personnel64 Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person65 Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel66 Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker67 Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel68 Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel69 Required Dimensions
39、for a Squatting Worker70 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access71 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet72 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Overthe Top73 Front Clearance Requirement for Lower ShelvesLIST OF FIGURESFigure Title74 Mounting Height of Status
40、 Boards75 Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets76 Workbench Dimensions77 Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier78 Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment inPassageways79 Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures80 Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls andEquipment81 S
41、patial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controlsand Displays on a Console Located Athwartship82 Seated Single-Operator Console Dimensions83 Wraparound Seated Console84 Special Width Console85 Multi-Tiered Standing Console86 Multi-Tiered Seated Console87 Dimensions for Desktop Standing Conso
42、le88 Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles89 Stair Dimensions90 Straight Run Ramp Dimensions91 Ramp with Turning Platform92 Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform93 Vertical Ladder Dimensions94 Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement95 Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration96
43、Caged Ladder Dimensions97 Cage Shape and Size98 Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions99 Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)100 Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)101 Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (FrontView)102 Extended Railing an
44、d Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (SideView)103 Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions104 Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an IntermediatePlatform105 Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders106 Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders107 Fixed Handrail Design108 Removable Handr
45、ail Dimensions109 Special Handrail Design Dimensions110 Transition Handrail Dimensions111 Additional Personnel Movement-Related Design Features112 Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in aVertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening113 Dimensions for Rectangular, Square
46、, and Round Hatches,Manways, and Lightening Holes114 Dimensions for Lightening Holes115 Access to Vertical Escape Hatches116 Access to Overhead Hatch117 Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch118 Door Placement119 Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque120 Mounting Heights for Handwheel
47、Valves With Vertical Stems121 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With HorizontalStems122 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems123 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With VerticalStems124 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With HorizontalStems125 Direction of Trav
48、el for Valve Levers Accessible From OneSide Only126 Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position127 Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels BelowStanding Surface128 Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves129 Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves130
49、Operating Valves from a Ladder131 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship132 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft133 Valve Manifold for Fill, High-Suction, and Low-SuctionValves134 Default Push ButtonF1166 07 (2013)3LIST OF FIGURESFigure Title135 Push Button States136 Radio Buttons137 Check Boxes138 Slider Control139 Message Window Design140 Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications141 Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance142 Permissible Noise Exposure Limits143 Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements144 Surface Reflectance Values145 Health Guid
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