1、Designation: F 1236 96 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forVisual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1236; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to present methods andtechniques for the visual inspection of electrical protectiv
3、erubber products. This guide also includes descriptions andphotographs of irregularities found in these products.NOTE 1It is not the purpose of this guide to establish the acceptancelevel of any irregularity described herein. That shall be established by thestandard for each product.1.2 The values s
4、tated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The SI units in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
5、 and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 496 Specification for In-Service Care of InsulatingGloves and SleevesF 819 Terminology Relating to Electrical Protective Equip-ment for Workers3. Terminology3.1
6、Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abrasions and scratchessurface damage that nor-mally occurs when a product makes contact with an abrasivesurface. Scuff-like damage can also occur from a brush contactwith a hot object such as a soldering iron. This can sometimeslook like the grai
7、ning on leather (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).3.1.2 age crackssurface cracks that may look like thecrazing of glazed ceramics and become progressively worsewith time. It is normally a slow oxidation process caused byexposure to sunlight and ozone in the atmosphere and starts inareas of the rubber that are
8、 under stress (see Fig. 3).1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on ElectricalProtective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF18.60 on Terminology.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last pr
9、evious edition approved in 2001 as F 1236 96(2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.FIG. 1 Abr
10、asionFIG. 2 Scratches1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 breakdownthe electrical discharge or arc occurringbetween the electrodes and through the equipment being tested(see Fig. 4).3.1.4 chemical blooma white or yel
11、lowish discolorationon the surface of a rubber product caused by the migration tothe surface of chemical additives used in the manufacture ofthe finished product (see Fig. 5).3.1.5 color splasha spot or blotch on the surface of arubber product that occurred during the manufacturing processwhen a con
12、trasting colored particle of unvulcanized rubberbecame embedded into the finished product (see Fig. 6).3.1.6 cuts smooth incisions in the surface of the rubberthat are usually caused by a sharp-edged object that canincrease in size when they are placed under strain (see Fig. 7).3.1.7 depressions or
13、indentationsa shallow recess in thesurface of the rubber that exhibits a thinner rubber thickness atthe bottom of the depression than in the surrounding areas (seeFig. 8).FIG. 3 Age CracksFIG. 4 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure)FIG. 5 Chemical BloomFIG. 6 Color SplashF 1236 96 (2007)23.1.8 detergent cr
14、ackscracks that appear on the insidesurface of a glove or sleeve that encircle the outline of a spotof detergent residue that was not removed during the cleaningand rinsing of the form prior to the dipping process.3.1.9 embedded foreign mattera particle of non-rubbermaterial that has been molded int
15、o the finished product andmay appear as a bump when the rubber is stretched (see Fig. 9).3.1.10 form marksa raised or indented section on thesurface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in theform.3.1.11 hard spota hardened area on the rubber surface thatis usually caused by exposure to
16、high heat or chemical attack(see Figs. 10-13).3.1.12 mold marksa raised or indented section on thesurface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in themold (see Figs. 14 and 15).3.1.13 nicks, snags, or scratchesangular tears, notches, orchip-like injuries in the surface of the rubber that
17、have beencaused by barbed wire, sharp pointed tools, staples, splinters orsimilar sharp edged hazards (see Fig. 2, Fig. 16, and Fig. 17).3.1.14 ozone cracksa series of interlacing cracks that maystart at stress points and quickly worsen as a result of rapidoxidation in a highly concentrated ozone at
18、mosphere usuallyproduced by electrical arcing (see Fig. 18 and Fig. 19).3.1.15 parting line or flash linea ridge of rubber left onfinished products occurring at mold joints during the manufac-turing process.3.1.16 pittinga pit-like depression in the surface of therubber that may have been created by
19、 the rupturing of an airbubble at or near the surface of the rubber during themanufacturing process (see Fig. 20).3.1.17 protuberancebulge or swelling that protrudesabove the surface of the rubber that may have occurred duringmanufacture (see Fig. 21).3.1.18 puncturepenetration by a sharp object thr
20、ough theentire thickness of the rubber product (see Fig. 22).3.1.19 repair marksan area on the surface of the finishedproduct that has a different texture due to the repair orreworking of an irregularity in the mold or form (see Fig. 23).3.1.20 runs raised flow marks that may occur on thefingers of
21、rubber gloves during the dipping process.FIG. 7 CutsFIG. 8 Depressions or IndentationsFIG. 9 Foreign MatterFIG. 10 Hard SpotF 1236 96 (2007)33.1.21 skin breakscavities in the surface of the rubberwith filmy ragged edges and smooth interior surfaces that arenormally caused by embedded dirt specks dur
22、ing manufacture.3.1.22 soft spotssurface areas of the rubber that havebecome soft and sometimes tacky as a result of exposure toheat, oils, or chemical solvents.3.1.23 tears a separation of the rubber through its entirethickness, usually at an edge, that has been created by aforceful pulling apart o
23、f the rubber (see Fig. 24).3.1.24 trackingthe formation of a carbonized path on thesurface of a solid insulating medium, resulting from excessivecurrent leakage over the surface (see Fig. 25 and Fig. 26).FIG. 11 Hard SpotFIG. 12 Hard SpotFIG. 13 Hard SpotFIG. 14 Mold MarksF 1236 96 (2007)44. Signifi
24、cance and Use4.1 This guide provides inspection techniques that may beused to examine electrical protective rubber products forirregularities. The methods have applications in manufacturinglocations, testing facilities, and in the field where the productsare used.4.2 This guide also contains photogr
25、aphs that supplementthe descriptions of terms listed in Section 3 and in DefinitionsF 819.5. Inspection Methods5.1 Rolling:5.1.1 Inspect glove and sleeve surface areas by gentlyrolling their entire outside and inside surface areas between thehands. This technique requires gently squeezing together t
26、heinside surfaces of the glove or sleeve to bend the outsidesurface area and create sufficient stress to inside surfaces of theglove or sleeve to highlight cracks, cuts, or other irregularities.When the entire outside surface area has been inspected in thismanner, turn the glove or sleeve inside-out
27、 and repeat theinspection on the inside surface (now on the outside). Ifnecessary, a more careful inspection of suspicious areas can beFIG. 15 Mold MarksFIG. 16 NickFIG. 17 SnagFIG. 18 Ozone CracksFIG. 19 Ozone CracksF 1236 96 (2007)5achieved by gently pinching and rolling the rubber between thefing
28、ers. Never leave a glove or sleeve in an inside-outcondition. Stretch the thumb and finger crotches by pullingapart adjacent thumb and fingers to look for irregularities inthose areas (see Fig. 27 and Fig. 28).5.1.2 Place rubber blankets on a clean, flat surface and rollup tightly starting at one co
29、rner and rolling toward thediagonally opposite corner. Inspect the entire surface forirregularities as it is rolled up. Unroll the blanket and roll it upagain at right angles to the original direction of rolling. Repeatthe rolling operations on the reverse side of the blanket (seeFig. 29).5.1.3 Exam
30、ine the inside surfaces of the insulating line hoseby holding the hose at the far end from the lock and placingboth hands side-by-side palms down around the hose. With theslot at the top and the long free end of the hose on the left,slowly bend the two ends of the hose downward while forcingthe slot
31、 open with the thumbs. The hose should be open at thebend, exposing the inside surface. Slide the left hand about afoot down the hose and then, with both hands firmly grippingthe hose, simultaneously move the left hand up and the righthand down to pass this section over the crown of the bend forinsp
32、ection. Slide the right hand up the hose to the left hand.Hold the hose firmly with the right hand while the left handagain slides another foot down the hose. Repeat the inspectionand, in this way, the entire length of hose passes through thehands from one end to the other.FIG. 20 PittingFIG. 21 Pro
33、tuberanceFIG. 22 PunctureFIG. 23 Repair MarksFIG. 24 TearF 1236 96 (2007)65.2 Inflation:5.2.1 Punctures and other small holes in rubber insulatinggloves can be found by inflating the gloves with air pressure.Gloves can be inflated manually by grasping the side edges ofthe glove opening (see Fig. 30)
34、 and stretching gently, side-by-side, to close and slightly seal the open end, (see Fig. 31). Rollup the gauntlet end about 112 in. (38 mm) toward the palm bytwirling the glove in a rotating motion using the rolled edges ofthe glove opening as an axis. Grasp the rolled up end in onehand to contain t
35、he entrapped air in the palm and fingers (seeFig. 32). Hold the inflated glove close to one ear and, with thefree hand, squeeze the glove palm to increase the air pressurewhile listening and feeling for pinhole leaks (see Fig. 33).Release the entrapped air.5.2.2 To entrap air in heavy weight gloves,
36、 it may benecessary to lay the glove on a flat surface, palm up, and pressthe open end closed with the fingers, (see Fig. 34). Whileholding the end closed, tightly roll up about 112 in. (38 mm) ofthe gauntlet (see Fig. 35). Grasp the rolled-up end and inspectfor small holes in accordance with 5.2.1
37、(see Fig. 36).5.2.3 Mechanical glove or sleeve inflaters may also be usedto inspect the surface areas of the products (see Fig. 37).5.2.4 Take care not to over inflate the gloves and sleeves asnoted in Specification F 496, since their physical characteris-tics may be adversely affected by over infla
38、ting. Type 1 glovesand sleeves shall not be inflated or stretched to more than twicetheir normal size. Type 2 gloves and sleeves shall not beinflated or stretched to more than 1.25 times their normal size.5.3 LightingThe visual inspection of electrical protectiverubber products requires good lightin
39、g and the products shouldbe thoroughly cleaned before inspection. The light sourceshould be at least 200 fc (2152.81x) with a reflector and shouldbe adjustable for different lighting conditions. Some irregulari-ties can be more easily seen with the light shining down on thesurface being examined; ot
40、her irregularities require a low angleof light to allow the defect to cast a shadow in order to be seen.FIG. 25 TrackingInsufficient Immersion DepthFIG. 26 TrackingContaminated Dielectric FluidFIG. 27 Hand RollingFIG. 28 Pinch RollingF 1236 96 (2007)7FIG. 29 Blanket RollingFIG. 30 GraspingFIG. 31 St
41、retchingFIG. 32 TwirlingF 1236 96 (2007)8FIG. 33 Listening and FeelingFIG. 34 PressingF 1236 96 (2007)9FIG. 35 RollingFIG. 36 InspectionNOTEGlove inflated to maximum allowable degree.FIG. 37 Inflator (Glove Inflated to Maximum Allowable Degree)F 1236 96 (2007)10ASTM International takes no position r
42、especting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.Thi
43、s standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Inte
44、rnational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown
45、below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 1236 96 (2007)11
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