1、Designation: F1236 96 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forVisual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1236; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to present methods andtechniques for the visual inspection of electrical protectiveru
3、bber products. This guide also includes descriptions andphotographs of irregularities found in these products.NOTE 1It is not the purpose of this guide to establish the acceptancelevel of any irregularity described herein. That shall be established by thestandard for each product.1.2 The values stat
4、ed in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use
5、. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F496 Specification for In-Service Care of Insulating Glovesand SleevesF819 T
6、erminology Relating to Electrical Protective Equip-ment for Workers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abrasions and scratchessurface damage that nor-mally occurs when a product makes contact with an abrasivesurface. Scuff-like damage can also occur from a brush co
7、ntactwith a hot object such as a soldering iron. This can sometimeslook like the graining on leather (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).3.1.2 age crackssurface cracks that may look like thecrazing of glazed ceramics and become progressively worsewith time. It is normally a slow oxidation process caused byexpos
8、ure to sunlight and ozone in the atmosphere and starts inareas of the rubber that are under stress (see Fig. 3).3.1.3 breakdownthe electrical discharge or arc occurringbetween the electrodes and through the equipment being tested(see Fig. 4).3.1.4 chemical blooma white or yellowish discolorationon t
9、he surface of a rubber product caused by the migration tothe surface of chemical additives used in the manufacture ofthe finished product (see Fig. 5).3.1.5 color splasha spot or blotch on the surface of arubber product that occurred during the manufacturing processwhen a contrasting colored particl
10、e of unvulcanized rubberbecame embedded into the finished product (see Fig. 6).3.1.6 cuts smooth incisions in the surface of the rubberthat are usually caused by a sharp-edged object that canincrease in size when they are placed under strain (see Fig. 7).3.1.7 depressions or indentations a shallow r
11、ecess in thesurface of the rubber that exhibits a thinner rubber thickness atthe bottom of the depression than in the surrounding areas (seeFig. 8).3.1.8 detergent cracks cracks that appear on the insidesurface of a glove or sleeve that encircle the outline of a spotof detergent residue that was not
12、 removed during the cleaningand rinsing of the form prior to the dipping process.3.1.9 embedded foreign mattera particle of non-rubbermaterial that has been molded into the finished product andmay appear as a bump when the rubber is stretched (see Fig. 9).3.1.10 form marksa raised or indented sectio
13、n on thesurface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in theform.3.1.11 hard spota hardened area on the rubber surface thatis usually caused by exposure to high heat or chemical attack(see Figs. 10-13).3.1.12 mold marksa raised or indented section on thesurface of the rubber that was caus
14、ed by an irregularity in themold (see Figs. 14 and 15).3.1.13 nicks, snags, or scratchesangular tears, notches, orchip-like injuries in the surface of the rubber that have beencaused by barbed wire, sharp pointed tools, staples, splinters orsimilar sharp edged hazards (see Fig. 2, Fig. 16, and Fig.
15、17).3.1.14 ozone cracksa series of interlacing cracks that maystart at stress points and quickly worsen as a result of rapid1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on ElectricalProtective Equipment for Workersand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF18.60 on Terminology.C
16、urrent edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1236 96(2007).DOI: 10.1520/F1236-96R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
17、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1oxidation in a highly concentrated ozone atmosphere usuallyproduced by elec
18、trical arcing (see Fig. 18 and Fig. 19).3.1.15 parting line or flash linea ridge of rubber left onfinished products occurring at mold joints during the manufac-turing process.3.1.16 pittinga pit-like depression in the surface of therubber that may have been created by the rupturing of an airbubble a
19、t or near the surface of the rubber during themanufacturing process (see Fig. 20).3.1.17 protuberancebulge or swelling that protrudesabove the surface of the rubber that may have occurred duringmanufacture (see Fig. 21).3.1.18 puncturepenetration by a sharp object through theentire thickness of the
20、rubber product (see Fig. 22).3.1.19 repair marksan area on the surface of the finishedproduct that has a different texture due to the repair orreworking of an irregularity in the mold or form (see Fig. 23).3.1.20 runs raised flow marks that may occur on thefingers of rubber gloves during the dipping
21、 process.3.1.21 skin breakscavities in the surface of the rubberwith filmy ragged edges and smooth interior surfaces that arenormally caused by embedded dirt specks during manufacture.3.1.22 soft spotssurface areas of the rubber that havebecome soft and sometimes tacky as a result of exposure toheat
22、, oils, or chemical solvents.3.1.23 tears a separation of the rubber through its entirethickness, usually at an edge, that has been created by aforceful pulling apart of the rubber (see Fig. 24).3.1.24 trackingthe formation of a carbonized path on thesurface of a solid insulating medium, resulting f
23、rom excessivecurrent leakage over the surface (see Fig. 25 and Fig. 26).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides inspection techniques that may beused to examine electrical protective rubber products forFIG. 1 AbrasionFIG. 2 ScratchesFIG. 3 Age CracksFIG. 4 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure)F1236
24、96 (2012)2irregularities. The methods have applications in manufacturinglocations, testing facilities, and in the field where the productsare used.4.2 This guide also contains photographs that supplementthe descriptions of terms listed in Section 3 and in DefinitionsF819.5. Inspection Methods5.1 Rol
25、ling:FIG. 5 Chemical BloomFIG. 6 Color SplashFIG. 7 CutsFIG. 8 Depressions or IndentationsFIG. 9 Foreign MatterF1236 96 (2012)35.1.1 Inspect glove and sleeve surface areas by gentlyrolling their entire outside and inside surface areas between thehands. This technique requires gently squeezing togeth
26、er theinside surfaces of the glove or sleeve to bend the outsidesurface area and create sufficient stress to inside surfaces of theglove or sleeve to highlight cracks, cuts, or other irregularities.When the entire outside surface area has been inspected in thismanner, turn the glove or sleeve inside
27、-out and repeat theinspection on the inside surface (now on the outside). Ifnecessary, a more careful inspection of suspicious areas can beachieved by gently pinching and rolling the rubber between thefingers. Never leave a glove or sleeve in an inside-outcondition. Stretch the thumb and finger crot
28、ches by pullingFIG. 10 Hard SpotFIG. 11 Hard SpotFIG. 12 Hard SpotFIG. 13 Hard SpotF1236 96 (2012)4apart adjacent thumb and fingers to look for irregularities inthose areas (see Fig. 27 and Fig. 28).5.1.2 Place rubber blankets on a clean, flat surface and rollup tightly starting at one corner and ro
29、lling toward thediagonally opposite corner. Inspect the entire surface forirregularities as it is rolled up. Unroll the blanket and roll it upagain at right angles to the original direction of rolling. Repeatthe rolling operations on the reverse side of the blanket (seeFig. 29).5.1.3 Examine the ins
30、ide surfaces of the insulating line hoseby holding the hose at the far end from the lock and placingboth hands side-by-side palms down around the hose. With theslot at the top and the long free end of the hose on the left,slowly bend the two ends of the hose downward while forcingthe slot open with
31、the thumbs. The hose should be open at thebend, exposing the inside surface. Slide the left hand about afoot down the hose and then, with both hands firmly grippingthe hose, simultaneously move the left hand up and the righthand down to pass this section over the crown of the bend forinspection. Sli
32、de the right hand up the hose to the left hand.Hold the hose firmly with the right hand while the left handagain slides another foot down the hose. Repeat the inspectionand, in this way, the entire length of hose passes through thehands from one end to the other.5.2 Inflation:5.2.1 Punctures and oth
33、er small holes in rubber insulatinggloves can be found by inflating the gloves with air pressure.Gloves can be inflated manually by grasping the side edges ofthe glove opening (see Fig. 30) and stretching gently, side-by-side, to close and slightly seal the open end, (see Fig. 31). Rollup the gauntl
34、et end about 112 in. (38 mm) toward the palm bytwirling the glove in a rotating motion using the rolled edges ofthe glove opening as an axis. Grasp the rolled up end in onehand to contain the entrapped air in the palm and fingers (seeFig. 32). Hold the inflated glove close to one ear and, with thefr
35、ee hand, squeeze the glove palm to increase the air pressurewhile listening and feeling for pinhole leaks (see Fig. 33).Release the entrapped air.FIG. 14 Mold MarksFIG. 15 Mold MarksFIG. 16 NickFIG. 17 SnagF1236 96 (2012)55.2.2 To entrap air in heavy weight gloves, it may benecessary to lay the glov
36、e on a flat surface, palm up, and pressthe open end closed with the fingers, (see Fig. 34). Whileholding the end closed, tightly roll up about 112 in. (38 mm) ofthe gauntlet (see Fig. 35). Grasp the rolled-up end and inspectfor small holes in accordance with 5.2.1 (see Fig. 36).5.2.3 Mechanical glov
37、e or sleeve inflaters may also be usedto inspect the surface areas of the products (see Fig. 37).5.2.4 Take care not to over inflate the gloves and sleeves asnoted in Specification F496, since their physical characteristicsmay be adversely affected by over inflating. Type 1 gloves andsleeves shall n
38、ot be inflated or stretched to more than twicetheir normal size. Type 2 gloves and sleeves shall not beinflated or stretched to more than 1.25 times their normal size.5.3 LightingThe visual inspection of electrical protectiverubber products requires good lighting and the products shouldbe thoroughly
39、 cleaned before inspection. The light sourceshould be at least 200 fc (2152.81x) with a reflector and shouldbe adjustable for different lighting conditions. Some irregulari-ties can be more easily seen with the light shining down on thesurface being examined; other irregularities require a low angle
40、of light to allow the defect to cast a shadow in order to be seen.FIG. 18 Ozone CracksFIG. 19 Ozone CracksFIG. 20 PittingFIG. 21 ProtuberanceFIG. 22 PunctureF1236 96 (2012)6FIG. 23 Repair MarksFIG. 24 TearFIG. 25 TrackingInsufficient Immersion DepthFIG. 26 TrackingContaminated Dielectric FluidF1236
41、96 (2012)7FIG. 27 Hand RollingFIG. 28 Pinch RollingFIG. 29 Blanket RollingFIG. 30 GraspingF1236 96 (2012)8FIG. 31 StretchingFIG. 32 TwirlingFIG. 33 Listening and FeelingFIG. 34 PressingFIG. 35 RollingF1236 96 (2012)9ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights as
42、serted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time
43、by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will rec
44、eive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Int
45、ernational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 36 InspectionNOTE 1Glove inflated to maximum allowable degree.FIG. 37 Inflator (Glove Inflated to Maximum Allowable Degree)F1236 96 (2012)10
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