1、Designation: F1279 08 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Restriction of the Use ofSurface Washing Agents: Permeable Land Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of surface washing agents toassist in th
3、e control of oil spills. The guide is written with thegoal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; thisgoal is the basis on which the recommendations are made.Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered al-though these and other factors are often important in spillresponse.
4、1.2 In making surface washing agent use decisions, appro-priate government authorities should be consulted as requiredby law.1.3 Spill responders have available several means to controlor clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of chemical surfacewashing agents is considered.1.4 This guide appl
5、ies only to permeable land surfaces.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the use
6、r of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1280 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use ofSurface Washing Agents: Impermeable SurfacesF1872 Guide
7、for Use of Chemical Shoreline CleaningAgents: Environmental and Operational Considerations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 permeabilitythe capacity of the surface to conductor transmit liquids such as water. An impermeable surfacewould not transmit water in a short time (minutes).3.1.2 surfacethe
8、 top or cover of the land at the site ofinterest3.1.3 surface washing agentsa chemical agent used toloosen or remove oil from a surface such as land. Surfacewashing agents are not dispersants and should not be used asdispersants4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional
9、 responseteams who may use it during spill response planning and spillevents.4.2 This guide should be adapted to site-specific circum-stances.5. Environment CoveredPermeable Surfaces5.1 Permeable ground includes any soil, rock, agriculturalland and forest, pasture land, roadside or other surfaces, t
10、hatare permeable to water and oil.6. Background6.1 On permeable surfaces, the main concern is the penetra-tion of the oil downwards and the possibility of soil andgroundwater contamination (1, 2).3Efforts are generally fo-cused on removing liquid oil rapidly and preventing furtheraerial and downward
11、 contamination in the soil and to thegroundwater (3). (See Guide F1280.)6.2 The effects of oil and especially that of treated oil onterrestrial biota have been studied. In one study, oil spilled onsoil decreased the nematode (worm) population by as much as80 % (4). Lai Hoi-Chaw and co-workers show t
12、hat a littornidgastropod (snail) showed avoidance to oil spilled on the mud ofa mangrove swamp (5). This avoidance decreased the mortality1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on
13、 Treatment.Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1279 08. DOI:10.1520/F1279-08R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
14、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
15、28-2959. United States1of the species to both oil and chemically-dispersed oil. McGillhas noted that soil arthropods (insects) are quickly killed afterspills (6).6.3 Oil has a broad-spectrum herbicidal effect on plants (7,8). Effects vary depending on concentration and on species. Oilin low concentr
16、ations has been shown to increase growth insome species, whereas slight contact with oil causes death inothers (7). Black spruce, alfalfa, and canola have a lowtolerance for oil, while willow, dogwood, and brome grasshave a high tolerance (8). Light oils may be toxic to vegetationon contact. Heavy o
17、ils have a tendency to smother plants overa longer period of time (6). Oiling of the vegetative portionsmay kill the upper portion of the plant, but the root may stilllive and proceed to grow new stalks (6). In one test, 0.4 to 3.4L/m2of a light crude oil killed most plants in a northern borealsetti
18、ng (9). In another experiment, light fuel oil at 0.6 % byweight killed all plants present (10). Oil reduces the germina-tion rate of seeds. Weathered oil on the soil forms a crust whichcan slow revegetation (6). Revegetation time varies but hasranged from 1 to 20 years depending on location and spil
19、lconditions (amount, oil type, time of year) (4, 6).6.4 Oil spilled on ground will penetrate the surface, the rateof penetration depending on soil type, pore size, depth of thewater table, and oil type. Surface washing agents increase thepenetration rate and depth (11, 12). Dewling and Silva exam-in
20、ed the use of surface washing agents in Brazil and deter-mined that the average penetration of oil was increased from 5to 60 cm by the use of hydrocarbon-based surface washingagents (13).6.5 Oil degradation takes place on soil surfaces under manyconditions. Factors that increase degradation rate and
21、 amountinclude higher-than-normal oxygen level, ample but not exces-sive (saturating) moisture, slightly alkaline pH, high tempera-ture and ample nutrients (4). Initially after a spill, the diversityof soil microorganisms is decreased by the toxicity of the oil,but the total number is increased due
22、to the increase in numberof oleoclasts (oil degrading microorganisms). Parkinsonshowed in a test spill on northern boreal soil that soilrespiration increased 100 % and the bacterial numbers in-creased tenfold (14).6.6 Microbial degradation of oil occurs primarily at the soilsurface (4, 7, 15). One s
23、tudy showed that below 15 cm therewas little degradation (15). Degradation occurs primarily at thesurface due to oxgyen, low but sufficient moisture, supply ofnutrients, and because the occurrence of the great number ofoleoclasts (4).6.7 Contamination of surface water and groundwater is ofprime conc
24、ern in land spills. Little oil degradation takes placein groundwater and dilution alone would take many years toallow use of a groundwater supply contaminated by an oil spill(4, 16). One study estimated that 120 to 750 years of rainfalldilution alone would be required so that the supply could beused
25、 for human consumption (16). On the other hand, in a karstenvironment, flow to groundwater could do more significantdamage. Movement of contaminated groundwater can result inbroad contamination of the subsurface.6.8 Several biological remediation techniques have beendemonstrated for oiled soils (4,
26、6, 8, 17, 18). Most of thesetechniques involve aeration, addition of fertilizer, and plantingof cover crops. These techniques are well-documented andhave been effective in restoring agricultural land to fullproduction in as little as five years. No scientific evidence isavailable to show that surfac
27、e washing agents have a usefulrole in these remediation techniques.6.9 Several spills on permeable land have been dealt withsuccessfully using mechanical removal, in-situ burning andother remediation techniques (1, 19, 20, 21).6.10 Studies of the toxicity of natural products such asd-limonene, from
28、citrus peels, reveals that many of these havehigh aquatic toxicities, while showing little human toxicity.Such agents are not recommended for use where runoff caneffect biota (22, 23). (See Guide F1872.)7. Recommendations7.1 Surface washing agents should not be used on anypermeable land surfaces.8.
29、Keywords8.1 land; oil spill; oil spill surface washing agents; perme-able; soil ; surface washing agentsREFERENCES(1) Owens, E. H., Taylor, E., Marty, R., and Little, D. I, “An Inland OilSpill Response Manual to Minimize Adverse EnvironmentalImpacts,” in Proceedings of the 1993 International Oil Spi
30、llConference, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1993,pp. 105109.(2) Castle, R. W., Malamma, K. D., and Ammann, M. J., “The AreaRemediation Assessment Team Approach to Integrated Land Oil SpillRestoration,” in Proceedings of the 2003 International Oil SpillConference, American Petroleum
31、 Institute, Washington, D.C., 2003,pp. 413417.(3) Mahatnirunkul, V., Towprayoon, S., and Bashkin, V., “Application ofthe EPA Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model to a HydrocarbonContaminated Site in Thailand,” Land Contamination andReclamation, 2002 , pp. 1724.(4) Bossert, I., and Bartha, R., “The Fate
32、 of Petroleum in SoilEcosystems,” Petroleum Microbiology, R. M. Atlas, ed., MacMillanPublishing Company, New York, NY, 1984, pp. 435473.(5) Lai, H. C., Lim, C. P., and Lee, K. T., “Effects of Naturally andChemically Dispersed Oil on Invertebrates in Mangrove Swamps.”Fate and Effects of Oil in the Ma
33、ngrove Environment, eds. H. C. Laiand M. C. Feng, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Singapore, 1984, pp.101114.(6) McGill, W. B., and Bergstrom, D., “Inland Oil Spills and their Impactson Land,” Stress on Land in Canada, Lands Directorate, EnvironmentCanada, Ottawa, Ont., 1983, pp. 153181.(7) Baker, J. M.,
34、 “The Effects of Oil on Plant Physiology,” The EcologicalEffects of Oil Pollution on Littoral Communities, E. B. Cowell, ed.,Institute of Petroleum, London, England, 1971, pp. 8898.F1279 08 (2014)2(8) McGill, W. B., An Introduction for Field Personnel to the Effects ofOil Spills on Soil and Some Gen
35、eral Restoration and CleanupProcedures, Canadian Petroleum Association, Calgary, Alta., 1976.(9) Hutchinson, T. C., and Hellebust, J. A., Oil Spills and Vegetation atNorman Wells, N.W.T., Task Force on Northern Oil Development,Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, Ont., 1974.(10) Swader
36、, F. N., “Persistance and Effects of a Light Fuel Oil in Soil,”Proceedings of the 1975 Oil Spill Conference, American PetroleumInstitute, Washington, DC, 1975, pp. 589593.(11) Owens, E. H., Foget, C. R., and Robson, W., “Experimental Use ofDispersants for Spill Countermeasures on Arctic Beaches,” Oi
37、l SpillChemical Dispersants: Research, Experience, andRecommendations, ASTM STP 840, ASTM, 1984, pp. 324337.(12) Mackay, D., Watson, A., and Kuhnt, A., The Behaviour of Oil andChemically Dispersed Oil at Shorelines, Petroleum Association forthe Conservation of the Canadian Environment, Ottawa, Ont.,
38、 1979.(13) Dewling, R. T., and Silva, C. C. D. A. E., “Impact of Dispersant UseDuring the BRAZILIAN MARINA Incident,” Proceedings of the1979 Oil Spill Conference , American Petroleum Institute,Washington, DC, 1979, pp. 269276.(14) Parkinson, D., Oil Spillage on Micro-organisms in Northern Cana-dian
39、Soils, Task Force on Northern Oil Development, Department ofIndian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, Ont., 1973.(15) Duffy, J. J., Peake, E., and Mohtadi, M. F., “Subsurface Biophysio-chemical Transformations of Spilled Crude Oil,” Proceedings of theConference on the Environmental Effects of Oil and Sal
40、t Water Spillson Land, Research Secretariat Alberta Environment, Edmonton,Alta., 1975, pp. 136183.(16) Duffy, J. J., Mohtadi, M. F., and Peake, E., “Subsurface Persistanceof Crude Oil Spilled on Land and its Transport in Groundwater,”Proceedings of the 1977 Oil Spill Conference, American PetroleumIn
41、stitute, Washington, DC, 1977, pp. 475478.(17) Timmerman, M. D., Fuller, L. G., and Burton, D. L., “The Effects ofa Crude Oil Spill on Microbiological Indices of Soil BiologicalQuality,”Canadian Journal of Soil Sciences, 2003, pp. 173181.(18) Trinidade, P. V. O., Sobral, L. G., Rizzo,A. C. L., Leite
42、, S. G. F., andSoriano, A.U., “Bioremediation of a Weathered and a RecentlyOil-Contaminated Soils from Brazil: A Comparison Study,”Chemosphere, Vol. 58, 2005, pp. 515522.(19) Mix, N., “Inland Pipeline Spill Response in Kansas”, in Proceedingsof the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, American P
43、etroleumInstitute, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 297301.(20) Halmemies, S., Grondahl, S., Arffman, M., Nenonen, K., andTuhkanen, T., “Vacuum Extraction Based Response Equipment forRecovery of Fresh Fuel Spills from Soils,” Journal of HazardousMaterials, 2003, pp. 127143.(21) Millette, D., Neto, A. C.
44、B., Falkiewicz, F., Caicedo, N. O. L.,Zamberlan, E., Marques, D. M., de Campos Carvalho, F. J. P., andLinhares Biologa, M., “Development of a Soil, Surface-water andGroundwater Remediation Program for the Accidental Crude OilSpill That Occurred on July 16, 2000 at the Petrobras RefineryRefinaria Pre
45、sidente Getulio Vargas-Repar Araucaria, Brazil PR,”in Proceedings of the 2003 International Oil Spill Conference,American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp.403408.(22) Fingas, M. F., Kyle, D. A., Laroche, N. D., Fieldhouse, B. G., Sergy,G., and Stoodley, R. G., “The Effectiveness Testi
46、ng of Spill TreatingAgents,” The Use of Chemicals in Oil Spill Response, ASTM STP1252, Peter Lane, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials,Philadelphia, 1995, p. 286298.(23) Walker, A. H., Kucklick, J. H., and Michel, J., Effectiveness andEnvironmental Considerations for Non-dispersant Chemi
47、calCountermeasures, Pure and Applied Chemistry , Vol 71, No. 1, 1999,pp. 6781.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the valid
48、ity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comme
49、nts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Indivi
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