1、Designation: F 1352 02An American National StandardStandard Guide forFixed Blade Broadhead Performance and Safety Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1352; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the formulation of preliminary guide-lines in six areas of broadhead performance and s
3、afety.1.2 The first three guidelines, flight, penetration, and sharp-ness, are related to performance, but they can have somebearing on safety. The last three, impact resistance, assemblyand attachment methods, and packaging, determine to a greatdegree the safety level of the broadhead in the hands
4、of the enduser.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5、2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 blades, nthe sharp, laterally extended elements ofthe broadhead that perform the task of cutting after the arrowimpacts the target.2.1.2 broadheads, ndevices for attachment to the forwardend of an arrow that are equipped with one or more sharpcutting blades. Broad
6、heads are used when hunting with a bowand arrow to harvest game animals.2.1.3 ferrule, nthe central structural section or componentof the broadhead to which the forward end of the arrow shaftis attached. In some broadhead types, the ferrule is integralwith the blades. In other types of broadheads, t
7、he ferrule hasprovisions to mount separable blades, but it may also have oneor more integral blades. The ferrule may have a projectingthreaded shaft that screws into a socket in the forward end ofthe arrow shaft, or it may have a hollow rear section into whichthe forward end of the arrow shaft is in
8、serted.2.1.4 flight, nthe path taken by the arrow after it islaunched by the bow, but specifically including the character-istics of the motion of the arrow as it proceeds along the pathof flight.2.1.5 penetration potential and penetration, npenetrationpotential is the combination of many factors th
9、at determine thepotential of an arrow to penetrate any target that it impacts.These factors are principally the mass and velocity of thearrow, the characteristics of the assembled arrow, and themanner of flight of the arrow. Penetration is the actual depth anarrow penetrates in a given target. Consi
10、dering that an arrowhas given penetration potential, the actual depth of penetrationwill be a function of the material and consistency of the targetand the manner or attitude of the arrow when it strikes thetarget.3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is not intended to be all-inclusive. There maybe
11、 additional aspects of performance and safety that need to beaddressed in order to have a comprehensive study of thesubject matter.3.2 The suggested preliminary guideline summaries thatfollow were developed by a consensus of bowhunters withmany years of field experience, industry people with knowl-e
12、dge in the design and manufacture of broadheads, andindividuals experienced in the distribution and retail areas ofthe business who have close contact with end users.4. Flight4.1 It is quite probable that well-directed straight-line flightis the most important characteristic of an arrow equipped wit
13、ha broadhead. All other factors, such as good penetrationpotential and high-impact resistance, cannot be used to theirfull extent if the broadhead-equipped arrow does not strikewhere it is aimed.4.2 Straightness of flight also contributes to the performanceand humaneness of the broadhead in that it
14、increases theprobability of hitting the target, and enhances penetrationpotential by reducing energy loss due to an angular impact.Straight flight may also contribute to safety.4.3 Fundamental principles of aerodynamics should be ap-plied to any broadhead design and manufacture to achievestraightnes
15、s of flight. Specifically, concentricity of the ferrule,balanced placement of the blades with respect to the centerlineof the ferrule, elimination of warps in the blades, and closeweight control for consistency and balance are importantfactors in the design and manufacture of broadheads.4.4 Mounting
16、 the broadhead on the arrow shaft can be acritical operation. For aerodynamic reasons, it is important thatthe blades of the broadhead be aligned accurately with thelongitudinal centerline of the arrow shaft. This is a function of1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsE
17、quipment, Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF08.16 on Archery Products.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. Originallypublished as F 1352 91. Last previous edition F 1352 91(1997)e1.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
18、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.several factors: consistent alignment of the blades to theferrule, concentricity of the ferrule, and alignment duringassembly of the ferrule and the shaft. For broadheads employ-ing threaded shaft mounting into inserts, the insert must
19、beconcentric with the centerline of the shaft, and the contactingbase shoulder of the broadhead must be square with thecenterline of the ferrule. For broadheads with hollow bases intowhich the arrow shaft is inserted, the cylindrical or taperedbore of the ferrule must be concentric with the body of
20、theferrule. For a cylindrical bore, the inside diametral tolerancemust ensure a tight fit with the arrow shaft to maintainalignment. For a tapered bore, the matching taper on the arrowshaft must be concentric with the centerline of the shaft.4.5 When an arrow is being launched or is in flight, thebl
21、ades of a broadhead act as guidance vanes tending to assumecontrol of the flight unless counteracted by adequately sizedand oriented fletching or other control elements attached to thearrow. Normal practice is to use natural feather or syntheticvane fletching at the rear of the arrow for this purpos
22、e. Ingeneral, the best control for straight flight patterns is obtainedusing straight-line fletching that is offset from the centerline ofthe shaft, or fletching that is applied with a spiral or helicaltwist. This type of fletching causes the arrow to spin around itslongitudinal axis in flight, prod
23、ucing improved directionalstability. Increased drag at the rear of the arrow also aidsdirectional stability. The requirement for the level of control toobtain straight flight will vary with the individual type ofbroadhead in use.5. Accuracy5.1 The accuracy of a broadhead-equipped arrow dependson acc
24、urate aiming, proper form and release, correct follow-through, and straightness of flight. The first three factors areunder the immediate control of the shooter, while the last is afunction of the equipment and a major subject of this guide.Assuming that the first three factors can be controlled ad-
25、equately by the use of a mechanical shooting machine, abroadhead-equipped arrow can be judged to have acceptableaccuracy if it can consistently impact within a 4-in. diametercircle at a range of 30 yd.6. Penetration Potential6.1 Good penetration is preferred, since it contributes di-rectly to the hu
26、maneness and effectiveness of the broadhead inuse.6.2 A broadhead is intended to penetrate the body of a gameanimal and produce massive hemorrhage. Depth of penetrationand severance of blood vessels are important factors inmeasuring the effectiveness of the broadhead. The number ofblades and width o
27、f those blades multiplied by the depth ofpenetration determines the area of flesh that is cut by thebroadhead. However, increasing the number of blades gener-ally increases resistance to penetration. If the broadhead passescompletely through the body of the game animal, the area ofcut is maximum for
28、 that specific path. Complete penetration isnot necessary for adequate effectiveness; nevertheless, opti-mum penetration is highly desirable.6.2.1 Comparative testing in the bodies of game animals isimpractical for several reasons. However, tests can be devisedto test the relative penetration depths
29、 of various broadheads byshooting them into materials of uniform density and consis-tency. The effects of design features, such as length/width(L/W) ratio (Fig. 1), number of blades, number of cutouts,sharpness, etc., can be evaluated to optimize the designconfiguration. Comparison with existing bro
30、adheads of provenfield performance is suggested as a criterion of acceptability.6.3 Guidelines:6.3.1 Establish the minimum L/W ratio to ensure goodslicing action.6.3.2 Establish the minimum and maximum number ofblades and the minimum acceptable sharpness.6.3.3 Establish other parameters affecting pe
31、netration poten-tial, such as surface roughness, cutout design, sudden changesin cross section, tip design, etc.7. Sharpness7.1 Standards for blade sharpness may be difficult to deter-mine with a high degree of accuracy; however, most experi-enced users of broadheads agree that such standards aredes
32、irable. Several performance-type tests have been in generaluse in the field for years which are crude but reasonablyeffective. Blades that will shave hair, slice poorly supportedthin paper, or sever a lightly tensioned rubber band are usuallyconsidered sufficiently sharp for humane and effective hun
33、ting.These tests may be satisfactory for smoothly honed edges, butthey are questionable when attempting to evaluate the sharp-ness of a serrated edge. Historically, broadheads can becategorized into two general classes: (1) those furnishedadequately sharp by the manufacturer, and (2) those designedt
34、o be sharpened by the ultimate user. Simple sharpness tests aremandatory for this reason, and those described will continue tobe used for field evaluation. A sharp broadhead is unquestion-ably necessary for a quick and humane kill, and it is not anoverstatement to say that all broadheads, regardless
35、 of theirdesign, should have, or be capable of, a very high level ofsharpness.7.2 GuidelinesFor the manufacturer of presharpenedbroadheads, it may be practical to establish an acceptablemaximum cutting edge width by microscopic examination, anduse this procedure to control process and quality.8. Imp
36、act Resistance8.1 In use, the broadhead may be subject to substantialdirect or angular front-end impact when encountering solidbone. This requires that the broadhead have a high level ofstructural integrity, not only in all of its components, but alsoin the blade retention system. It is probable tha
37、t front-endFixed Blades Replaceable BladesFIG. 1 Schematic ConfigurationF1352022angular impact generates more severe stresses than directin-line impact in most broadhead designs, although bothconditions can be tested readily. Shooting the broadhead into asolid surface such as concrete block or brick
38、, a metal plate, ordense hardwood will simulate such impact. A bent broadheadresulting from this type of impact may not necessarily be acondemning fault unless the blades break off or becomedisengaged from the ferrule. A loose blade inside the bodycavity of a harvested animal may pose some danger to
39、 thehunter. For this reason, blade retention and integrity should bemaintained under impact conditions that may be experienced inthe field in normal use.8.2 GuidelinesShoot a broadhead into a solid plate orstructure head-on and at an angle to determine structuralintegrity and blade retention. Determ
40、ine arrow weight, veloc-ity, and range to duplicate the internal stresses experiencedunder the most severe field conditions.9. Assembly and Attachment Methods9.1 The insertion of blades into ferrule slots and the attach-ment of assembled or partially assembled broadheads to arrowsmay require a caref
41、ully written or plainly illustrated instructionsheet, or both, so that these tasks may be performed in relativesafety. Another set of instructions may be needed for sharpen-ing of broadheads with fixed or new replaceable blades. Toenhance the ease and safety of handling while performing thesetasks,
42、it may be helpful to include special shields covering thesharp edges and special wrenches for mounting the heads onarrows, or both.9.2 Guidelines:9.2.1 Include instructions and illustrations for attachingbroadheads to arrows,9.2.2 Include instructions and illustrations for insertingblades in slotted
43、 ferrules,9.2.3 Provide shield or wrench for enhancing safety duringassembly and disassembly of broadheads, and9.2.4 Include instructions and illustrations for sharpeningfixed blade broadheads.10. Packaging10.1 Packaging should be constructed to provide adequatesafety to the purchaser and other indi
44、viduals who handle theproducts before final purchase. Assembled broadheads pack-aged in thin plastic or cellophane containers with no conspicu-ous warning statements may provide less than adequate pro-tection. While it may not be possible to eliminate all hazardsdue to careless handling, packaging p
45、ractices may need to beexamined to make certain that adequate safety precautions andwarning labels have been implemented.10.2 Guidelines:10.2.1 Evaluate packaging methods and determine the ad-equacy of their safety level.10.2.2 Incorporate conspicuous warning labels alerting us-ers to blade sharpnes
46、s and the potential for injury wheninstructions are not followed carefully.11. Keywords11.1 broadheads; blades; ferrule; flight; penetrationASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this
47、standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years
48、 andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committe
49、e, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F1352023
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