1、Designation: F1407 12Standard Test Method forResistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials toLiquid PermeationPermeation Cup Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONWorkers involved in the production, use, and transportation of chemicals can be exposed ton
3、umerous compounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleteriouseffects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma, such as dermatitis or burns, to chronicdegenerative disease, such as cancer or pulmonary fibrosis. Since engineering controls may noteliminate all possib
4、le exposures, attention is often given to reducing the potential for direct skincontact through the use of protective clothing that resists degradation, penetration, and permeation.This test method provides a simple, gravimetric means for measuring the resistance of clothingmaterials to permeation b
5、y liquid chemicals. Permeation testing by a more sophisticated procedure andpenetration testing are addressed by separate methods: Test Methods F739 and F903, respectively. TestMethods for measuring the effects of chemicals on the physical properties of rubbers, plastics, andcoated fabrics may be fo
6、und in Test Method D471, Test Method D543, and Test Methods D751,respectively. Guide F1001 designates 21 chemicals for use with these tests.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the barrier effectiveness of aspecimen of protective clothing upon continuous contact witha liquid.1.1.1 Procedure AFor us
7、e when a value for the cumula-tive amount of chemical permeated in1hisdesired.1.1.2 Procedure BFor use when breakthrough detectiontime and permeation rate values are desired.1.2 Although not addressed herein, the effect of the testchemical on the clothing material can be determined bycomparing the w
8、eight or other physical properties of thespecimen before and after the permeation test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered stand
9、ard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific p
10、recau-tionary statements are given in Section 2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Ma
11、terialsF739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofContinuous ContactF903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Pro-tective Clothi
12、ng Materials2.2 Federal Standard:No. 191, Method 5030.2 Measurement of the Thickness ofMaterials31This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved
13、June 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F1407 - 11. DOI:10.1520/F1407-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
14、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We
15、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 breakthrough detection time, nthe elapsed timemeasured from the initial exposure to the test chemical to thesampling time that immediately precedes the sampling time atwhich the test chemical is first detected.3.1.1.1
16、DiscussionIn this method, the sampling time if thetime of weighing.3.1.2 cumulative permeation, nthe total mass of chemicalthat permeates a specific area of the protective clothingmaterial during a specified time from when the material is firstcontacted by the test chemical.3.1.3 degradation, na del
17、eterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.4 penetration, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of substances through voids in protective clothingmaterials or item on a non-molecular level.3.1.4.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes, andimperfections in closures, seam
18、s, interfaces, and protectiveclothing materials. Penetration does not require a change ofstate; solid chemicals move through voids in the material assolids, liquids as liquids and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.5 permeation, nfor chemical protectiv
19、e clothing, themovement of chemicals as molecules through protective cloth-ing materials items by the processes of: (1) absorption of thechemical into the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemical from the oppos
20、ite surface of thematerial.3.1.5.1 DiscussionPermeation is a distinctly differentmechanism from penetration3.1.6 protective clothing, nitem of clothing that is specifi-cally designed and constructed for the intended purpose ofisolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or,isolating th
21、e external environment from contamination by thewearer of the clothing.3.1.7 steady-state permeation rate, na constant rate ofpermeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forcesaffecting permeation have reached equilibrium.3.1.8 test chemical, nthe solid, liquid, gas, or mixturethereof, used t
22、o evaluate the performance of a protectiveclothing material.3.1.8.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the test chemical isa liquid and can be either one component (that is, a neat liquid)or have several components (that is, a mixture).3.1.9 time interval, nthe time between weighings of thepermeation cu
23、p.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The resistance of a protective clothing material topermeation by a test chemical is assessed by measuring thecumulative permeation, breakthrough detection time, and per-meation rate through replicate specimens of the material.4.2 A clothing material specimen is secured
24、 over the mouthof a shallow cup that holds the test chemical. The normallyoutside surface of the material faces the chemical; the otherside is open to the atmosphere. See Fig. 1.4.3 The cup assembly is weighed, inverted, and reweighedat predetermined time intervals to determine the amount ofchemical
25、 that permeates the material and subsequently evapo-rates to the atmosphere.4.4 Based on the amount of chemical lost from the cupduring the exposure period, the breakthrough detection time,permeation rate, and cumulative mass of chemical permeatingthe clothing material are calculated.4.5 Detection o
26、f permeation requires sufficient volatility ofthe test chemical, and the appropriate combination of analyticalbalance and weighing interval.4.5.1 See Section 10 for volatility test.4.5.2 The likelihood of detecting chemical permeation in-creases as (1) the sensitivity of the balance is increased and
27、 (2)the time between weighings and the length of the test areincreased.4.6 In extreme cases the chemical could so severely degradethe clothing material that the chemical will drip or otherwiseflow from the inverted cup.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure forr
28、apidly (in1horless) determining the chemical resistance ofspecimens of protective clothing materials. This test methodcan be used to rank materials as to their suitability for use withliquids of known or unknown composition.5.2 The breakthrough detection time, permeation rate, orcumulative permeatio
29、n can be used to identify protectiveclothing materials that are more likely to limit potentialexposures to chemicals. Longer breakthrough detection timesand lower cumulative amounts permeated and permeation ratesare characteristics of materials that are better barriers to the testchemical.5.3 In gen
30、eral this test method is less sensitive than TestMethod F739 coupled with sensitive analytical procedures. Incases where the chemical of concern is highly toxic and contactof even a very small amount with the skin may be detrimentalto health, the permeation cup method is not recommended. UseTest Met
31、hod F739.5.4 Upon permeating the clothing material, the chemicalmust evaporate in order for a weight loss to occur andpermeation to be detected. Consequently, the test method maynot be applicable for chemicals having low volatility (that is,NOTEDimensions in centimetres.FIG. 1 ASTM Permeation CupF14
32、07 122vapor pressure). The vapor pressure below which this testmethod is not applicable has not been determined.5.4.1 A procedure for assessing volatility is described inSection 10.5.5 The results of this test method are highly dependent onthe test temperature. If the objective is to compare differe
33、ntclothing materials, all tests shall be conducted at the sametemperature (63C).6. Apparatus6.1 Thickness Gauge, suitable for measuring thickness tothe nearest 0.02 mm (0.001 in.), as specified in Fed. Std. No.191, Method 5030.2, shall be used to determine the thicknessof each material specimen test
34、ed.6.2 Analytical Balance, readable and reproducible to at least61 mg, is required for measuring the weight loss of thepermeation cup. The capacity of the balance should be at least50 g more than the weight of an empty permeation cup.6.3 Permeation Cup, shown in Fig. 1, is constructed ofmetal (alumi
35、num is recommended) and is composed of the cup,O-ring (PTFE is recommended), retaining ring (aluminum isrecommended), and six fasteners (stainless steel is recom-mended) for securing the retaining ring to the cup. The circularopening in the retaining ring has a diameter of 7.8 6 0.05 cm,correspondin
36、g to an area of 47.8 cm2.6.3.1 Materials other than aluminum may be used in theconstruction of the permeation cup. Such materials may bedesirable for tests involving chemicals which are incompatiblewith aluminum (for example, acids).6.3.2 A chemically resistant coating may be applied to thepermeatio
37、n cup to increase its range of chemical compatibility.Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been used successfully as acoating.6.3.3 In place of the O-ring, either the cup or the retainingring may be machined such that a seal is achieved when theretaining ring is fastened to the cup.6.3.4 The volume av
38、ailable for the test liquid is approxi-mately 80 mL, although this amount of chemical is notrequired nor recommended for performing the test.6.4 Torquing Device, to seal the retaining ring to the cup.6.5 Lubricant, to prevent galling between the fasteners andthe cup.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Before c
39、arrying out this test method, safety precautionsrecommended for handling any potentially hazardous chemicalshould be identified and reviewed to provide full protection toall personnel.7.1.1 For carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and othertoxic (poisonous) chemicals, the work area should be isolat
40、ed,well-ventilated, and meticulously clean. Involved personnelshould be outfitted with appropriate protective clothing andequipment.7.1.2 For corrosive or otherwise hazardous chemicals, in-volved personnel should, as a minimum, be outfitted withprotective clothing and equipment.7.2 Provisions should
41、 be made for handling spills of the testchemical or splashes to the eyes or skin.7.3 Appropriate procedures for the disposal of chemicalsshould be followed.7.4 The test should be performed in a laboratory fume hoodor outdoors.NOTE 1In order to obtain stable readings from the analytical balance,it ma
42、y be necessary to shield the balance or at least its pan from aircurrents.8. Test Specimen8.1 A protective clothing material specimen may consist ofeither a single layer or a composite of multiple layers that isrepresentative of an actual protective clothing constructionwith all layers arranged in p
43、roper order. In each test, thespecimens normally outer surface shall contact the test chemi-cal.8.1.1 If, in a proposed design of an article of protectiveclothing, different materials or thicknesses of materials arespecified at different locations, specimens from each locationshall be tested.8.1.2 I
44、f, in a proposed design of an article of protectiveclothing, seams are specified, additional specimens containingsuch seams shall be tested. Care must be taken to ensure thatthe permeation cup can be properly sealed when specimens ofnonuniform thickness are tested.8.2 Each material specimen shall ha
45、ve a diameter at least 5mm greater than the outside diameter of the O-ring or sealingmechanism.8.3 A minimum of three specimens shall be tested for eachmaterial, composite, area (in the case of a heterogeneousdesign), or other condition. Random specimens may be gener-ated as described in Practice E1
46、05.9. Conditioning9.1 No conditioning of the test specimen is required.10. Volatility Test10.1 Weight loss from the cup is the result of chemicaldiffusion to and evaporation from the surface of the clothingspecimen that faces the air. If the volatility of the chemical istoo low, the diffusing chemic
47、al will not evaporate from thissurface of the specimen as rapidly as it arrives there. In theextreme case, there might be no weight loss even thoughchemical has diffused through the specimen.10.2 Evaporation rate increases with temperature.10.3 Detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitiv-i
48、ty of the balance and the surface area available for evapora-tion.10.4 To determine whether the volatility of the test chemicalis sufficient for the permeation cup method to be applicable,use the following test:10.4.1 Place about 20 g of the test chemical into the cup.10.4.2 Place the cup (uncovered
49、) on the balance, beingcareful not to spill the chemical.10.4.3 Record the weight of the cup.10.4.4 Leave the cup on the balance for the shortest weigh-ing time interval that will be used during the test. The shortesttime interval may be the entire duration of the test if cumula-tive weight loss is the test objective (see Procedure A).F1407 12310.4.5 At the end of the period, record the weight of the cup.If the weight loss is 10 mg, then the chemical has sufficientvolatility for the permeation cup test to be performed.10.4.5.1 Because volatility is dependent on
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