1、Designation: F 1442 92 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forUsing a Copier or Printer as a Test Instrument forEvaluating Paper Performance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1442; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a standardized procedure for utiliz-ing a copier or printer as an i
3、maging device when performanceproperties of paper are to be determined.1.2 Copiers and printers are limited to those using theindirect electrophotographic process.1.3 The paper is limited to cut-sized office papers.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI u
4、nits given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of r
5、egulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Appendix X1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 3460 Specification for White, Watermarked and Unwa-termarked Bond, Mimeograph, Duplicator, and Xero-graphic Cut-Sized Office Papers2D 4825 Test Method for Mea
6、surement of Curl in Cut-SizedOffice Paper2D 5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaper2F 335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic Copying2F 360 Practice for Image Evaluation of Electrostatic Busi-ness Copies2F 807 Practice for Determining Resolution Capability ofOffice Copiers2F 875
7、Test Method for Evaluation of Large Area Densityand Background on Office Copiers2F 909 Terminology Relating to Printers2F 995 Practice for Estimating Toner Usage in CopiersUtilizing Dry Two-Component Developer2F 1125 Terminology of Image Quality in Impact PrintingSystem23. Terminology3.1 For definit
8、ions used in this practice, see TerminologyF 335 and F 909.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 after image curlthe amount, direction, and axis ofcurl after imaging in a copier or printer, as determined by TestMethod D 4825.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe direction of curl is described as
9、towhether it is toward the felt or wire side. This description aswell as the relationship to the image should be recorded, that is,toward or away from the image side. In the case of duplexing,the side imaged first should be recorded.3.2.2 before image curlthe amount, direction, and axis ofcurl befor
10、e imaging as determined by Test Method D 4825.3.2.3 stickiea material, usually in the form of a smallspeck or spot, that because of its adhesive nature, can betransferred from the paper to the photoconductor where itattracts toner. This toner is subsequently transferred as un-wanted image to the pap
11、er.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes the use of an electrophoto-graphic copier or printer as a test instrument to evaluate theperformance characteristics of cut sized office paper.4.2 Several image quality characteristics may be evaluatedthrough the use of the following applicable AS
12、TM standards:Practice F 360, Practice F 807, Test Method F 875, and Prac-tice F 995, Terminology F 1125, or both.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice may be used to satisfy the requirements ofSpecification D 3460 when performance in the intended use ina printer or copier is required.5.2 Describi
13、ng physical parameters of paper alone is notsufficient to ensure performance in a copier or printer.5.3 Curl, both before and after imaging, may effect copier orprinter performance.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibi
14、lity of Subcommittee F05.03 onResearch.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1992. Published December 1992.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.4 The presence of contaminants in the
15、paper that are tackyor thermoplastic, or both, may be transferred to the photocon-ductor or fuser rolls. They may cause an unwanted image.These are referred to as“ stickies.” Some papers, especiallythose containing recycled fiber, have exhibited this problem.5.5 Transfer of ream sealing adhesive or
16、ream wrapperlaminant to the photoconductor or fuser rolls can causeproblems similar to those described in 5.4.6. Interferences6.1 Many printers and copiers are subject to imaging systemvariations due to fluctuations in line voltage. Those problemscan be avoided by the use of a voltage stabilizing de
17、vice orconducting the tests during the periods when line load is low orstabilized.6.2 In manufacturing cut-sized papers, it is common prac-tice to convert several rolls to sheets in a continuous operation.This results in possible variations from sheet to sheet within aream. A sufficient number of sa
18、mples should be evaluated todetermine that the performance is representative of the lot. It isnot always possible to determine the number of rolls used inthe cut-sized processing operation.6.3 Temperature and humidity have an effect on paperproperties as well as equipment performance. Tests should b
19、econducted in a stable environment consistent with normalequipment operation (see 10.1). See X1.5.6.4 The photoconductor in a copier or printer may be in theform of a cylinder or a continuous belt. The circumference ofthe cylinder or length of the belt may be a multiple of thelength of the copies no
20、rmally produced. For example, a 17 in.(432 mm) circumference drum would produce one 11 by 17 in.(279 by 432 mm) or two 8-12 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm)documents feeding with the 11 in. edge leading. This multiplecopy feature must be taken into consideration when examiningcopies for extraneous image. T
21、he length or circumference maynot be an even multiple of the document size. See X1.2.7. Apparatus7.1 A copier or printer should be adjusted according to themanufacturers specifications.7.1.1 If possible, the operator should be capable of exam-ining, cleaning, or changing the photoconductor, or combi
22、na-tion thereof. See X1.3 and X1.4.8. Materials8.1 Supplies sufficient to complete all tests without chang-ing source, lot, etc., should be provided.8.2 Test Target:8.2.1 CopierA test target of known overall quality such asdescribed in Practice F 995 may be used. If other test targetsare used, they
23、should be consistent with normal job flow for thecopier.8.2.2 PrinterA built in test target commonly available inthe printer software may be used. As an alternate, a full pagetext similar to that described in Practice F 995 may be used.The text should be consistent with the normal use of the printer
24、.8.2.3 Clean Test PaperA sufficient quantity of virgin fiberpaper known to be free of potential stickies that has beenexamined for cleanliness shall be used to map or designate anyextraneous images before and after each procedure.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Adjust the copier or printer acc
25、ording to the manufac-turers recommendations.9.2 Inspect or clean the photoconductor, or both, recordingany defects that may be present. See X1.1.9.3 Determine the circumference of the photoconductor inthe case of a drum or the length in the case of a belt.10. Conditioning and Preparation10.1 Place
26、the paper to be tested in unopened reams in theroom where the test is to be conducted for sufficient length oftime to bring the temperature of the paper into equilibrium withroom conditions.10.2 Unwrap the paper just prior to loading into the ma-chine.10.3 Determine which side of the paper the manuf
27、acturerindicates should be imaged or imaged first if duplexed. Ifinformation is not provided by a manufacturer, be consistent asto the side imaged for the entire test.10.4 Determine whether the imaging is conducted on thefelt or wire side of the paper.11. Procedure11.1 Before Imaging:11.1.1 Determin
28、e size and squareness with conventionalmeasuring instruments.11.1.2 Determine curl using Test Method D 4825.11.1.3 Determine wire side using Method D 5039.NOTE 1On papers produced on a twin wire paper machine, the wireside is not always apparent. In those instances where the wire side cannotbe estab
29、lished, arbitrarily designate the side next to the body seal on theream wrapper as the wire side.11.1.4 Visually evaluate the ream edges for lint, fuzz, dust,extraneous material, quality of cut edge, etc.11.1.5 Examine the top and bottom sheet and ends of theream for presence of glue or laminant fro
30、m the ream wrapper.Remove if present.11.1.6 Examine the top and bottom sheets for turned overedges or other defects. Remove if present.11.2 Loading Copier or Printer:11.2.1 Load the copier or printer with paper so that theimage is produced on the side designated by the paper orequipment manufacturer
31、. If the paper is not so identified by themanufacturer, load so that the image is produced on the wireside. In duplexing operations, image the wire side first.11.2.2 Determine the amount of paper required for eachportion of the evaluation and place that amount in the feed trayor hopper. If the feed
32、tray or hopper will not accommodate thatamount required, set the extra aside and add it when required.11.3 Preparation of Copier or Printer:11.3.1 Cleanliness:11.3.1.1 PhotoconductorOn either a copier or a printer,inspect and clean the photoconductor. Note any defects thatwould cause an extraneous i
33、mage. An excessive number ofdefects may require the installation of a new photoconductor.See X1.1.F 1442 92 (2003)211.3.1.2 On a copier, clean the glass both front and back (ifpossible) and note any defects that would cause an extraneousimage.11.3.1.3 On a copier, examine lid backing for dirt that c
34、ancreate an image. Cover with a sheet of clean, white paper ifnecessary.11.3.1.4 After cleaning the photoconductor and the glass (inthe case of a copier) produce a sufficient number of copies onpaper that has been examined for cleanliness, see 8.2.3, toutilize the photoconductor for its full circumf
35、erence or length(see 6.4). Map or designate any image that might be caused bya noncorrectable defect.11.4 Operation of Copier or Printer and Evaluation ofResults:11.4.1 Evaluation of Stickie Frequency:11.4.1.1 Load 2500 sheets as directed in 11.2.1. Record thenumber of sheets. Run copies using test
36、target described in 8.2.Determine the number of copies produced from the machinecounter. As the receiving tray reaches its capacity, remove thecopies, making certain to keep them in the order in which theywere produced.11.4.1.2 After the 2500 sheets have been run, produce asufficient number of copie
37、s on paper that has been examinedfor cleanliness, see 8.2.3, to utilize the photoconductor for itsfull circumference or length. Map or designate any image thatmight be caused by a stickie, determining the count andreporting as spots per 2500 sheets. Deduct any images detectedin 11.3.1.4.11.4.1.3 Cur
38、lAt the start of the test run at 500 copyintervals and at the end of the test run, remove a 10 to 20 copysample and immediately determine the degree, direction, andaxis of curl using Test Method D 4825. Note whether it wastoward or away from the image. Retest the curl samples after10 min exposure to
39、 the ambient conditions.11.4.1.4 JamsCount and record the number of jams thatoccurred. Include in the location in the run that they occurred.Also note the position in the machine where the jam occurred.11.4.1.5 Misfeeds and Double FeedsCount and record thenumber of misfeeds and double feeds that occ
40、urred includingthe position in the run. It may be necessary to leaf through thestack of copies to determine when double feeds occurred asindicated by the presence of blank sheets.11.4.1.6 CountRecord number of copies produced asindicated by machine counter.11.4.2 Collating CopiersLoad the feed tray
41、or hopperwith 500 sheets as directed in 11.2. Operate the machine in thecollating mode using two collating bins. Record the number ofsheets required to fill the bin.11.4.2.1 Repeat the process loading the machine with theopposite side up in the feed tray or hopper.NOTE 2A collating or duplexing bin
42、is considered full when it will notaccept any more copies or copies cannot be removed without causingdamage.11.4.3 DuplexingWhen an automatic duplexing mode isavailable, run 500 sheets in that mode, duplexing one sheet oneat a time. In addition, run a sufficient number of copies to fillthe duplex tr
43、ay to capacity and record that number. If bothautomatic duplexing and collating modes are available, repeat11.4.2, Collating, in the duplexing mode with the paper loadedin the hopper in the manner recommended by the paper orequipment manufacturer.11.4.4 Curl in Collating and Duplexing ModesShortlyaf
44、ter each of the tests using the collating or duplexing modes,or both, remove a 10 to 20 sheet sample from the beginning,middle, and end of the operation or from each collating bin.Immediately determine the degree, direction, and axis of curlon each sample. Record whether it was toward or away fromth
45、e image on simplexing or from the first imaged side on theduplexing mode. Retest curl samples after 10 min exposure tothe ambient conditions.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Size and squareness of paper (see 11.1.1),12.1.2 Before image curl (11.1.2),12.1.3 Physical condition of
46、 reams (see 11.1.4, 11.1.5, and11.1.6),12.1.4 Number of stickies per 2500 sheets (see 11.4.1.2),12.1.5 Curl after sticky evaluation (see 11.4.1.3),12.1.6 Jams, misfeeds, and double feeds during stickyevaluation (see 11.4.1.4, and 11.4.1.5),12.1.7 Count actual number of copies produced comparedto pap
47、er supplied to machine based on paper manufacturerscount (see 11.4.1.6),12.1.8 Collating performance as number of sheets to fill binversus manufacturers indicated number for both printingconfigurations,12.1.9 Duplexing performance including number of copiesto fill a recycling bin to capacity compare
48、d with amountsindicated by machine manufacturer,12.1.10 Curl in collating and duplexing modes (see 11.4.4),12.1.11 Copier or printer identification,12.1.12 Temperature and humidity at time of testing,12.1.13 Paper identification including brand name, manu-facturer, and lot number identification from
49、 ream wrapper orcarton, or both.13. Keywords13.1 copier paper; paper performance; printer paper;stickiesF 1442 92 (2003)3APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONX1.1 Ideally, the person using a printer or copier as a testinstrument should be capable of examining the photoconductorand cleaning it as necessary at various steps during theprocedure. On some machines this is not physically possibleand, indeed, steps to clean some photoconductors may doirreparable damage.X1.2 It is sometimes difficult to determine that the fullphotoreceptor circumfer
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