1、Designation: F 1468 04aStandard Practice forEvaluation of Metallic Weapons Detectors for ControlledAccess Search and Screening1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1468; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers methods for the evaluation ofwalk-through metal weapons detectors and criteria f
3、or testingmetal detection performance.1.2 This practice specifies certain health, safety, and humanfactors criteria pertaining to the usage of the detection equip-ment.1.3 This practice requires the use of non-standardized (user-supplied) test objects and test equipment. Evaluations madeusing the pr
4、ocedures outlined in this practice can be used forcomparative evaluations only if the tests are made with thesame equipment and test objects.1.4 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers andevaluators of electromagnetic field devices used for screeningpersons entering into controlled access
5、 areas. It is not intendedto set performance nor limit or constrain operating technolo-gies, nor is it a document for use by individual operators orusers of such equipment at specific access control points.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Other units given in pare
6、ntheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
7、ons prior to use. For a specifichazards statement, see warning note in 12.2.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI/IEEE Standard:C62.41 IEEE Guide for Surge Voltages in Low Voltage ACPower Circuits23. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 clean testerperson who does not carr
8、y any objectswhich would significantly alter the signal produced when theperson carries a test object; smaller test objects require morecomplete elimination of metallic objects. By example but notlimitation, such significant objects may include: metallic beltbuckles, metal buttons, cardiac pacemaker
9、s, coins, metal-frameeye glasses, hearing aids, jewelry, keys, mechanical pens andpencils, shoes with metal shanks or arch supports, metallicsurgical implants, undergarment support metal, and metalzippers. A clean tester passing through a metal detector shallnot cause a disturbance signal greater th
10、an 10 % of thatproduced when carrying the critical test object through thedetector. The tester shall have a mass between 50 and 100 kg(110 and 220 lb) and a height between 1.50 and 1.90 m (59 and75 in.). If the detector is designed to be sensitive to body sizebecause of design or desired sensitivity
11、, the physical size oftesters should be smaller and within a narrower range.3.1.2 critical orientationorientation of a test object whichproduces the smallest detection signal or weakest detection.3.1.3 critical sensitivity settingsensitivity setting of adetector at which the critical test object in
12、its critical orienta-tion is detected at a 90 % or greater rate at the weakest orcritical test point for the detector.3.1.4 critical test objecttest object out of a given group ofobjects which, in its worst-case or critical orientation, producesthe worst-case or critical sensitivity setting for a sp
13、ecificdetector. The group shall comprise one or more objects whichare to be detected under the same detector settings.3.1.5 critical test pointlocation within the passage open-ing of a detector portal which produces the weakest signalresponse (the critical sensitivity) for the critical test object a
14、t itscritical orientation.3.1.6 detectorsynonym (used in this practice for brevity)for a walk-through device for detecting weapons such asdefined in 3.1.14.3.1.7 discrimination ratioexpression of a detectors abil-ity to discriminate between a weapon and innocent personalpossessions; it is the ratio
15、of the signal generated by a criticaltest object to the signal generated by an assortment of innocentpersonal possessions (see Section 8).1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.60 onControll
16、ed Access Security, Search, and Screening Equipment.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 1468 04.2Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Pi
17、scataway, NJ 08854-13311Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.8 electrical influence test probeair-core coil for creat-ing electromagnetic fields that could influence detector capa-bility (see 15.3).3.1.9 induced electro
18、magnetic field test probeair-core coilfor measuring the strength of the electromagnetic fields gen-erated by a detector (see 15.2).3.1.10 outside influencesite-related situation or occur-rence of a mechanical or electrical nature which alters thenormal operation of the detector.3.1.11 test objectany
19、 metallic object used to evaluate thedetection capability of a detector. See 7.2 for specific require-ments.3.1.12 test probetesting devices as specified in 15.2-15.4,utilized in the simulation of outside influences.3.1.13 testing laboratory sitearea suitable for proper test-ing and evaluation of de
20、tectors (see Section 6).3.1.14 walk-through weapons detection device (detector)freestanding screening device, utilizing an electromagneticfield within its portal structure, for detecting metallic weaponsconcealed on persons walking through the structure.3.1.15 weapondevice intended to do damage to p
21、ersonnelor equipment without intentionally harming the attacker, butrequiring the attacker to physically activate the device. Ex-amples include guns, knives, and hand grenades.4. Significance and Use4.1 The significant attributes of this practice are the methodsfor determining the detection capabili
22、ties of metal detectors,the methods for determining the effects of outside influences ondetectors, and certain safety requirements for detectors.4.2 While this practice was originated for walk-throughmetal weapons detectors, it is equally applicable to detectors ofother metal objects. The innocent o
23、bjects set (15.1.2) wouldrequire modification commensurate with the size of the otherobject to be tested; some tests may not be applicable and otherspecific and different tests may be necessary.4.3 This practice includes testing site requirements (Section6) to minimize data variations. These methods
24、 may be used atnonconforming sites if site-related disturbances are consideredand accounted for.4.4 This practice is not meant to constrain designs but it isapplicable only to detectors which are designed for individualwalk-through. The portal structure shall be deemed to meet thiscriterion if it pr
25、ovides a minimum vertical clearance of 1.96 m(77 in.) and a minimum horizontal width clearance of 0.66 m(26 in.).4.5 This practice recognizes that the complex movements ofa test object when carried by a person walking through adetector limits the precision and repeatability of the resultantobserved
26、signals. Averaged results from repeated tests underidentical controlled conditions are recommended to obtain abetter approximation of the underlying hypothetical true valuefor that set of conditions.4.6 Where the term “significant” is used, it refers to phe-nomena which, in accordance with accepted
27、engineering prac-tices, exceed the normal variation of data.5. Safety Requirements5.1 Personal Health and SafetyThe health and safety ofsearchees, operators, and other persons using or coming incontact with the equipment shall have been considered in theequipment design. In addition to the tip-over
28、tests in 5.4 and5.5, any hazards concerning factors in 5.2 and 5.3 shall beincluded in the evaluation report.5.2 MechanicalThe equipment shall be free of sharpcorners of protrusions that can puncture the skin or clothing orinjure persons moving normally within the immediate area.Any potential trippi
29、ng hazards, such as wires, cables, anti-tiltdevices, ramps, etc. shall also be noted on the report.5.3 ElectricalThe detector shall be free of potential elec-trical shock hazards during operation.5.4 Portal Tip-OverWith a stop at the base of the detectorto prevent sliding, a force shall be applied a
30、t or near the top ofthe detector in the direction of search passage until the detectorstarts to tip. The tipping moment, calculated as the heightabove the floor times the maximum force required, shall berecorded in the evaluation report. If anti-tilt fixtures or acces-sories are provided or recommen
31、ded by the detector manufac-turer, tests shall be conducted with and without such devicesand recorded in the report.5.5 Accessory Table or Pedestal Tip-OverTest as in 5.4except apply the force at the point and in the direction foreasiest tipping. Record the resultant moment.5.6 Tip-over testing is n
32、ot required if a detector must beanchored for proper operation.6. Testing Laboratory Site and General Requirements6.1 Distancing RequirementsSites in which detectors aretested and evaluated shall be free of significant extraneousinfluences.6.1.1 Walls, furniture, lighting, electrical power lines, et
33、c. ofmetallic content or of electrically influencing nature (except forlines supplying power to the detector and interconnecting itscomponents) shall be at least 3 m (10 ft) distant.6.1.2 Overhead structures, such as ceilings or lights, shall beat least 1 m (40 in.) distant from the nearest surface
34、of thedetector and free of electrical lines within 3 m (10 ft).6.2 Floor RequirementsThe floor shall be solid and notcapable of transferring vibration or shake to the detector of anamplitude discernible in the detector signal output when aclean tester walks through. It shall be free of steel except
35、fornails or reinforcing bars. No electrical lines shall run in orunder the floor closer than 2 m (6.5 ft) to any portion of thedetector. If the manufacturer recommends shielding, such as analuminum floor liner or elevated platform, it shall be in placebefore testing.6.3 The working area shall includ
36、e sufficient space for thedetector and instrumentation equipment, and for personnel tooperate it conveniently. The number of instrumentation standsor carts shall be minimized. They shall have low metal contentand be located so that they do not influence test results.F 1468 04a26.4 Determine by appro
37、priate engineering techniques thatthe testing site is free and remains free of all electricalinfluences which might affect the tests. This includes verifica-tion of the quality of the detector power source. Record in theevaluation report any deviations from 6.1-6.4.6.5 The detector shall be in a tot
38、ally operational condition,complete with such items as floor or wall shieldings, electron-ics pedestals, etc., in their normal operational position.6.6 Many of the following sections require quantitativemeasurements of signal magnitude. Manufacturers who do notprovide quantitative measurements of si
39、gnal magnitude shallspecify alternative procedures which will provide equivalentevaluation capability.7. Procedure for Testing Detection Performance7.1 The purpose of this procedure is to establish the sensi-tivity setting which is required for the detection of theworst-case test object in its worst
40、 orientation at the least-sensitive location within the portal opening. This is the criticalsensitivity for detection of the critical test object in its criticalorientation at the critical test point.7.2 For the evaluation of detectors under this practice, thetest object or objects shall be actual (
41、not simulated) objectswhich, individually or collectively, represent the characteristicsof the weapons or other contraband objects which it is designedto detect.7.3 As an otherwise clean tester walks through a detectorcarrying a test object, the path taken by the object can beapproximated by a strai
42、ght line through a horizontally andvertically located point within the portal opening. This ignoresthe side-to-side rocking, vertical bouncing, body rotation, andvelocity surging which the walking motion exhibits. Thesesecondary motions alter the signal generated by a test objectwhen it is carried b
43、y an otherwise clean tester, compared to thesignal from the same test object when carried by a hypotheticalmechanized straight-line carrier apparatus.7.3.1 To better simulate expected actual usage, a walk-through of a clean tester carrying a test object must be repeatedsufficient times for statistic
44、al accuracy to produce the definitivecritical sensitivity data.7.4 A mechanized carrier produces more consistent data.When such equipment is available, its use is recommended fordetermining the intrinsic sensitivity topography of a detector.Normally, the critical test object, its critical orientatio
45、n, and thecritical grid location point can be determined, along with anapproximate critical sensitivity.7.4.1 A walk-through is necessary to determine the actualcritical sensitivity. In the absence of a conflicting requirement,walk-throughs shall be at an approximate velocity of 1 m/s (3ft/s).7.5 If
46、 a mechanized carrier is not available, the same testscan be performed by a person carrying the test object. Severalidentical passes are necessary to obtain adequate consistency.7.6 Test Object Orientation:7.6.1 The nomenclature and positions given in Fig. 1 referto the orientation of weapons (guns
47、or other weapons) withrespect to the metal detectors.7.7 The comprehensive test for determining detector sensi-tivity requires passing all test objects in a group in allorientations through all points of a selected grid pattern withinthe portal opening. This must be repeated for all combinationsof o
48、ptional operating modes, multiple channels, and alternateconfigurations. The amount of testing required may be reducedby the following procedures.7.7.1 In the absence of other criteria, start sensitivity mea-surements at a grid location point at the horizontal centerbetween the side panels and verti
49、cally equidistant from bothtop and bottom ends of all panel coils; a vertical height fromthe floor of 0.8 to 1.0 m (30 to 40 in.) is usable.7.7.2 Begin with the vertical object orientation 3 as indi-cated in Fig. 1. Pass all objects in the test object group to beevaluated through the detector. Remove test objects whichproduce a signal twice as large as the smallest signal for thegroup.7.7.3 Test the remaining objects in the other two mutuallyorthogonal orientations (across and in-out). Remove objects inorientations that produce signals 50 % larger than the smalle
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