1、Designation: F1478 06 (Reapproved 2011)F1478 17Standard Test Method forDetermination of Abrasion Resistance of Images Producedfrom Copiers and Printers (Taber Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
3、amount of image abraded from the surface of a document.1.2 This test method may be used to evaluate the abrasion resistance of images produced by business imaging products,including nonimpact printers, thermal transfer printers, and copiers.The machine shall be capable of producing the specified ima
4、ge.1.3 Testing focuses on determining the amount of imaged material removed, resulting from forces which impart a rubbing orgrinding action principally on the top surface of the image.1.4 Comparison may be made between various imaging devices or the image-producing components of an individual machin
5、e.1.5 Other test methods employing the Crockmeter (Test Method and F1319), Sutherland Rub Tester, and Gavarti GA-CATTester may be employedused to evaluate the smudge and abrasion characteristics. Results by these test methods are not necessarilyequivalent to those obtained by this test method.1.6 Th
6、e values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropr
7、iate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of Internation
8、al Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic ImagingCopying (Withdrawn 2017)F1319 Test Method for Determination of Abrasion and Smudge R
9、esistance of Images Produced from Business Copy Products(Crockmeter Method)F1571 Test Method for Determination of Abrasion and Smudge Resistance of Images Produced from Business Copy Products(Sutherland Method) (Withdrawn 2017)3F2497 Practice for Abrasion and Scuff Resistance of Inkjet Media by the
10、Sutherland Rub TesterG195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser2.2 ANSIISO Standards:4PH2.17ISO 5-3 Density MeasurementsGeometric Conditions for Reflection DensityPhotography and graphic technology Density measurements Part 3: Spectral conditionsPH2.18ISO 5-4 Density Measur
11、ementsSpectral ConditionsPhotography and graphic technology Density measurements Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on Business Imaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 on ElectrostaticI
12、maging Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011Aug. 1, 2017. Published September 2012August 2017. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20062011as F147806. 06 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/F1478-06R11.10.1520/F1478-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.a
13、stm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from American
14、National Standards Institute, Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit m
15、ay not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at t
16、he end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Adjunct:Abrasion Test Target53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions related to electrostatic copying may be found in Terminology F335.3
17、.1.1 abrasion resistancethe ability of an image to withstand the frictional forces attempting to remove the surface material.3.1.2 smudgethe tendency of an image to smear or streak onto the adjacent area when rubbed, involving the redeposition ofabraded material.3.1.3 smudge resistancethe ability of
18、 an image to withstand smudging.3.2 abrasion resistancethe ability of an image to withstand the frictional forces attempting to remove the surface material.3.3 smudgethe tendency of an image to smear or streak onto the adjacent area when rubbed, involving the redeposition ofabraded material.3.4 smud
19、ge resistancethe ability of an image to withstand smudging.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Test specimens are generated of an image described in this test method. Suitable hard copy targets Abrasion Test Targetsfor use in copiers and computer program diskettes are available from ASTM. Abrasion test tar
20、gets may be converted into digitalfiles for use in computer printers are available from ASTM. printers. The specimens are abraded with a specified instrument andevaluated by visual comparison or reflectance measurements, or both.5. Significance and Use5.1 The degree of image abraded from a copy or p
21、rinted image may be affected by various factors, including the type ofmachine, condition of the machine, supplies employed, time since imaging, and environmental conditions. As many as possibleof these variables should be controlled during the test. If available, a control sample with known characte
22、ristics should be run alongwith the test samples.5.2 This test method may be used to determine image resistance to damage or deterioration as a result of exposure to abrasiveforces, such as automated document handling devices.5.3 This test method may be used for control of product quality, comparati
23、ve analysis of machines, comparative analysis ofimaging components, as well as a research and development tool.5.4 This test method is adaptable to images produced from most nonimpact printers and copiers. The printers shall be capableof utilizing the available program to produce the specified image
24、.5.5 If the user wishes to simulate the type of damage or smudge resulting from paper rubbing against the printed image or fromnormal handling, consideration should be given to using either the Crockmeter Method (Test Method F1319), ) or the SutherlandRub Method, Method (Test Method F1571 or thePrac
25、tice F2497Gavarti GA-CAT Method. ).6. Interferences6.1 The degree of image fixing is an integral factor in the resistance of the image to damage or deterioration due to abrasion.The image fixing capabilities of copiers and printers may be significantly influenced by the choice of supplies. To obtain
26、 anaccurate representation of the capabilities of any given machine, the manufacturers recommendations for toner, fusers, fuser oils,other imaging supplies, and paper should be followed.6.2 Due to the temperature cycling of some copier and printer fuser systems, the degree of image fixing may vary a
27、s a functionof the length of time the machine has been turned on or as a function of the number of copies or prints in a given run.NOTE 1For example, the degree of image fixing may be different for the first few copies made right after the machine is turned on than it will befor the copies made seve
28、ral hours later. Also, the fiftieth copy of a run may have a different degree of fixing than the second or third copy of that samerun.6.3 Unusual environmental conditions, such as extremes of temperature and humidity may affect both the degree of image fixingand the copy quality. For this reason, it
29、 is recommended that the environmental conditions be noted when conducting comparisontests between machines or supplies. For the most accurate comparisons, the environment should be kept as constant as reasonablypossible during the entire test.5 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order
30、Adjunct No. ADJF1478.F1478 1727. Apparatus and Materials7.1 Abrasion TesterTaber ModelAbraser,6 503, 5130, or equivalent.or equivalent, as described in Guide G195 and consistingof the following elements:7.1.1 A horizontal turntable platform comprised of a rubber pad, clamp plate, clamping ring, and
31、nut to secure the specimen tothe turntable.7.1.2 A motor capable of rotating the turntable platform at a speed of either 72 6 2 r/min for 110 v/60 Hz or 60 6 2 r/min for230 v/50 Hz.7.1.3 A pair of pivoted arms to which the abrasive wheels and auxiliary masses may be attached.NOTE 2Without auxiliary
32、masses or counterweights, each arm will apply a load against the specimen of 250 g per wheel (exclusive of the mass ofthe wheel itself).7.1.4 A vacuum suction system and vacuum pick-up nozzle to remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimen surfaceduring testing. The height of the vacuum pi
33、ckup nozzle shall be adjustable, and the nozzle openings shall be 8 mm in diameter.The vacuum system shall operate when testing commences.7.1.5 A counter to record the number of cycles (revolutions) made by the turntable platform.7.2 Abrasion WheelsTaber Calibrase CS-10F abrasion wheels.wheels,6 whi
34、ch are attached to the free end of the pivoted armsand are able to rotate freely about horizontal spindles. The wheels shall be 12.7 6 0.3 mm thick and have an external diameterof 51.9 6 0.5 mm when new, and in no case less than 44.4 mm.7.3 Auxiliary Weights500 g.can be attached to the pivoted arms
35、to increase or decrease the force at which the wheel is pressedagainst the specimen, exclusive of the mass of the wheel itself. Accessory weight references are per arm (not combined), andinclude the mass of the pivoted arm. For the purpose of this test, the auxiliary weights marked 500 g shall be us
36、ed.7.4 Specimen Holder Model E100 having 125 414-in. (10.80-cm) outside diameter with Model E100101 Clamp Ring.97.4 Silicon Carbide Paper150 grit silicon carbide coated abrasive cut into discs and hole-punched approximately 102 mmdiscs with a 7 mm hole punched in the center to fit specimen holder (T
37、aber S11S-11 Abrasive Disc).Disc,6 or equivalent).7.5 Taber Model 200 Diamond Wheel Refacer. 67.7 Source of Vacuum, for removing particles wastes from abrasion surface, either separate or built into the tester.7.6 Compressed Air Source35 to 60 psi (240 to 413 KPa).240 to 413 KPa.7.7 Test Copier or P
38、rinter, adjusted and equipped with appropriate toner, fuser oil, paper, and other supplies as required. If acopier or printer is to be used to evaluate a supply item, all other supply items should be unchanged during the duration of thecomparison test.7.7.1 If comparison tests are being made between
39、 copiers or printers, all supply items should be as specified by themanufacturer. Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer, the same paper should be used in each of the machines.7.10 If comparison tests are being made between copiers or printers, all supply items should be as specified by the
40、manufacturer.Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer, the same paper should be used in each of the machines.7.8 CopierAbrasion Test TargetA printed Abrasion Test Target is available as an ASTM adjunct. Fig. 1 shows a printedexample of the target.7.12 Printer Test TargetDiskettes are available
41、 in a variety of programs for several types of personal computer systems.12 Thediskette allows the generation of an image comparable to the copier test target.7.9 ReflectometerAn instrument for the measurement of reflection density meeting the geometric conditions for reflectiondensity specified in
42、ANSI PH2.17,ISO 5-4, the spectral conditions specified in ANSI PH2.18,ISO 5-3, and having an aperturediameter of 10 mm.10 mm.NOTE 3An aperature of 10 mm will cover the entire area of the test spot. If an instrument with a smaller aperature is used, several readings shallbe taken and averaged to obta
43、in the reflectance of the spot.7.9.1 Measurement should be reported as percent reflectance. If the instrument reads in optical density, convert the values toreflectance, as follows:R,%reflectance!5 110Ddensity! 3100 (1)A scientific calculator may be used to aid in this conversion.6 The sole source o
44、f supply of the apparatus (Taber Model 503, 5130) known to the committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY 14120.If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider
45、ation at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.F1478 173FIG. 1 Abrasion Test TargetF1478 1748. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Copier or PrinterEnsure that the test copiers or printers, or both, have been properly adjusted following themanufacturers instructions. Ensure
46、that an adequate amount of all supplies needed for operation conforms with the manufacturersspecifications and is in a quantity adequate to complete the test without replenishment. If replenishment is necessary, make certainthat it is from the same lot.8.2 ReflectometerWarm the instrument up and cal
47、ibrate it in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Checkcalibration frequently while making measurements.8.3 Abrasion Tester:8.3.1 Prepare newabrasive wheels by conducting two independent dressings of 50 cycles each on a 150-grit abrasive disc,discarding the used abrasive disc after eac
48、h dressing operation. If a thin film of material develops on the edge of the wheels duringdressing, it may be removed by gently rubbing with a finger while rotating the wheels by hand on their spindles. Avoid touchingthe abrading surfaces of the wheels.8.3.2 Place the 500-g auxiliary weights onto th
49、e swingpivoted arms.8.3.3 Attach the vacuum source to the abrader and set the vacuum level to 100 % to allow for effective particle removal withoutlifting or damaging the specimens. Set the vacuum nozzle height to 18 in.3 mm above the specimen surface.8.3.4 Blow particles off from wheels after abrasion of each specimen.8.3.5 Dress wheels 50 cycles with a new 150-grit abrasive disc after every four specimens.NOTE 4Discoloration of the abrasive wheels with image material does not necessarily indicate dirty or ineffective wheels. A large a
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