ASTM F1549-1994(2011) Standard Terminology Relating to Underwater Search Rescue and Recovery Activities《水下搜索 营救和恢复作业标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: F1549 94 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Terminology Relating toUnderwater Search, Rescue, and Recovery Activities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th

2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this terminology is to establish unifor-mity in terminology used in the field of underwater s

3、earch,rescue, and recovery.1.2 The terminology is appropriate to those underwatersearch, rescue, or recovery activities that use self-contained orsurface-supplied underwater breathing apparatuses to provide abreathing gas supply for the searcher(s).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all o

4、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 This terminology is not intended to be

5、used as areplacement for proper training and experience in the skillsnecessary to conduct an underwater search and rescue opera-tion safely.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:ascent rate, nthe speed of vertical movement toward thewaters surface.bail-out bottle, nA diver-carried supply of air or mixed gas

6、(as appropriate) sufficient under standard operating condi-tions to allow the diver to reach the surface or another sourceof breathing gas, or to be reached by a safety diver.bottom time, nthe total elapsed time measured in minutesfrom the time that the diver leaves the surface in descent tothe time

7、 that the diver begins ascent.console, nan instrument package that contains one or moreinstruments used to monitor depth, bottom time, surfaceintervals, air pressure, compass direction, decompressionstatus, or some combination thereof.D.A.N., nDivers Alert Network.2DCS, ndecompression sickness, a me

8、dical condition with avariety of symptoms that may result from gas or bubbles inthe tissues of divers after pressure reduction.decompression, nthe technique used to allow the controlledremoval of excess insert gas from the body during and aftera dive to prevent decompression sickness (DCS).dive comp

9、uter, na microprocessor-based electronic instru-ment that provides data based on a specific decompressionmodel.dive profile, nthe depth/time history of a dive that typicallyconsists of bottom time, maximum depth, and surfaceinterval.Doppler bubble detector, na device that uses the DopplerEffect to m

10、onitor specific areas of the circulatory system anddetect the presence of bubbles as a measure of decompres-sion stress.hyperbaric chamber, na chamber in which the internalpressure can be elevated by the introduction of compressedair (or other gasses) that is used primarily for medicaltreatment (inc

11、luding decompression sickness and arterial gasembolism) and physiological studies.J-valve, na manually operated, spring-loaded, SCUBA cyl-inder check valve that incorporates a low air warning/reserveair mechanism.K-valve, na simple, manually operated on-off SCUBAcylinder valve.line tender, nthe indi

12、vidual who controls the divers searchpattern.nitrogen narcosis, na distinct anesthetic effect, character-ized by loss of judgment and disorientation, caused frombreathing nitrogen at increased partial pressures.repetitive diving, nany dive conducted while the decom-pression model being followed for

13、the dives indicates thatinert gases are still present in the tissues from a previousdive. This is within the context of a fixed time period,usually 12 to 24 h, depending on the model being followed.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direc

14、t responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F154994(2005). DOI:10.1520/F1549-94R11.2D.A.N. is an organization that disseminates diving saf

15、ety information, providesdiving medical insurance, and offers telephone assistance for answering questionsrelated to diving medicine and for locating hyperbaric treatment facilities that canprovide medical care for barotrauma injuries. It can be contacted by telephone at919-684-2948 for non-emergenc

16、y questions and at 919-684-8111 for emergencies.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.repetitive group designation, nan assigned letter on adecompression table that relates directly to the amount ofresidual inert gas in the

17、 divers tissues following a dive. Thisgroup changes with time as the divers body off-gases.residual nitrogen, nnitrogen gas that is still dissolved in adivers tissues after he has surfaced from a dive usingcompressed air as a breathing gas.RNT, nresidual nitrogen time.safety diver, ndiver who is dre

18、ssed completely in dive gearand who remains on the surface to go to the immediate aidof a distressed diver underwater.safety stop, nadditional time spent at shallow depths eventhough the dive computer or dive table indicates that a directascent to the surface is possible.standby diver, na diver at t

19、he dive location available toassist a diver in the water.treatment table, na recompression schedule used to treatdecompression sickness or embolisms.umbilical, nin surface-supplied diving, divers gas and acommunication and safety line all in one bundle.ASTM International takes no position respecting

20、 the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standar

21、d is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International

22、 Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.Thi

23、s standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1549 94 (2011)2