1、Designation: F 1583 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forCommunications ProceduresPhonetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1583; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Establishment of PhoneticsThis practice covers theestablishment of phonetics (including an alphabet, numerals,and punctuations), and
3、 the procedures for their use, in com-munications.1.2 Performance This practice is intended to facilitate theperformance of communications personnel and systems underadverse communications conditions. This objective is achievedby employing easily recognized and used symbols and proce-dures that are
4、highly resistant to errors. This system may beused with speech, print, or other media.1.3 Interoperability This practice is intended to facilitatethe interoperability of communications personnel and systemsamong different organizations, especially if they use differentinternal practices. This system
5、 is also recommended for usewithin any organization for improved internal communicationsand uniformity of operations.1.4 English as Common LanguageThis practice is in-tended for use with English. English has been designated bythe International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) andothers as a common
6、 interoperability language that is widelyused in search and rescue, emergency, and international opera-tions such as aviation, maritime, and military.2. Terminology2.1 The terminology used in this practice is derived fromreferences (1-10).2,32.2 automatic repeat-request (ARQ)a system of errorcontrol
7、 for information transmission in which the receivingstation is arranged to detect a transmission error and automati-cally transmit a repeat-request signal to the transmittingstation. The transmitting station then retransmits the messageuntil it is either correctly received or the error persists beyo
8、nda predetermined number of transmittals.2.3 error correcting codea code in which each symbolconforms to specific rules of construction so that departuresfrom this construction in the received signals can generally beautomatically detected and corrected. If the number of errors isnot greater than th
9、e maximum correctable threshold of thecode, all errors are corrected.2.4 error correcting systemin information transmission, asystem employing either forward error correction or automaticrepeat-request techniques or both, such that most transmissionerrors are automatically removed from the data prio
10、r todelivery to the user.2.5 forward error correction (FEC)a system of errorcontrol for information transmission wherein the receivingstation has the capability to detect and correct any character ormessage that contains fewer than a predetermined number ofsymbols in error.2.6 interoperabilitythe co
11、ndition achieved among com-munications stations or personnel when information can beexchanged directly and satisfactorily between them or theirusers or both. It is desirable that the exchanges are error free,rapid, and automatic.2.7 phoneticsa system of symbols and procedures that isused to control
12、errors in communications, validate selectedparts of messages, and enhance the interoperability and perfor-mance of communications personnel and systems.2.8 phonetic alphabeta selected set of phonetic symbolsthat has a one-to-one correspondence to the set of individualletters in a language. Also, any
13、 of various systems of codewords for identifying letters in voice communications.2.9 phonetic punctuationa selected set of phonetic sym-bols that has a one-to-one correspondence to the set ofindividual punctuation in a language.2.10 phonetic numeralsa selected set of phonetic symbolsthat has a one-t
14、o-one correspondence to the set of individualnumerals in a language.2.11 phonetic symbola unique word or combination ofletters that is used as a substitute for, or an addition to, aspecific letter, numeral, or punctuation in a language. It has thecharacteristics of an error correcting code.1This pra
15、ctice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 1583 95
16、(2000).2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis practice.3This practice is based on an extensive survey of multiple organizations. Theircommunications documents were consulted to determine or verify compliance andinteroperability among their many known and
17、 accepted phonetic systems. Thesedocuments are hereby referenced.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Summary of Practice3.1 Interoperability and PerformanceA set of easily rec-ognized and used symbols and procedures ar
18、e established.They are used to control the errors that may be encountered inmessages, to validate selected parts of messages, and toenhance the interoperability and performance of communica-tions personnel and systems. This phonetic system is intendedto be directly interoperable with the majority of
19、 standardphonetic systems presently employed, both internationally andwithin the United States.3.2 Error Control Error control is accomplished by de-tection of the errors and either prompt correction (based on theavailable information) or a request for another copy (if theinformation is inadequate f
20、or error correction).4. Significance and Use4.1 Communications Errors and DelaysCommunicationssystems, including their procedures and channels, are subject toerrors due to noise, interference, weak signals, mistakes, andother causes. They are also subject to delays due to thenecessity to detect and
21、correct these errors. There may also beerrors and delays due to the lack of trained and experiencedoperators.4.2 Error Control Phonetics enables the control of errorsthrough error detection, and usually prompt correction, forwords and characters in speech and printed text. It employs anerror correct
22、ing system of symbols and procedures that arestandardized and easily recognized under adverse or high errorcommunications conditions.4.3 Symbol CharacteristicsThe phonetic alphabet is anerror detecting and correcting code composed of phoneticsymbols that are carefully selected to have distinctive so
23、undsor appearances (or other unique characteristics) that improvedetection under adverse conditions (such as severe noise orhigh errors) and enhance differentiation from each other.4.3.1 Phonetics are inherently language-dependent. For En-glish text letters, there are 26 phonetic alphabet symbols, t
24、hatcorrespond to the 26 letters (from A to Z) that may be used tocompose the words in a message. Additional symbols are usedfor numerals and punctuations.4.3.2 Phonetic symbols (including an alphabet, numerals,and punctuation) must have unique characteristics as men-tioned above, and they should not
25、 be restricted to only onecommunications media.4.4 Procedures for Error Detection and Correction:4.4.1 Phonetic communications procedures are used tominimize or eliminate information errors and to facilitate thecorrect transmission of messages using trained operators.4.4.2 The phonetic procedures ar
26、e carefully structured toenable symbol differentiation and error detection based onsimple examination of the received data. Using forward errorcorrection (FEC), in most cases the symbols can be identified,and the errors can be corrected promptly with no additionalinformation.4.4.3 FEC is based on th
27、e error detection system, which isusually the more robust of the two. Essentially, in certain poorconditions, it is possible to detect errors even though they maynot be correctable (at the moment).4.5 Procedures for RetransmissionIn most cases, prompterror detection and correction is achievable thro
28、ugh FEC. Ifthis is not possible or acceptable, manual or automatic repeat-request (ARQ) is employed. The process of error detection canbe used to initiate the ARQ and therefore the retransmission ofthe information, such as an additional copy (or copies). Thecopy(ies) may be received error free or wi
29、th correctable errors(especially when compared with previous copy(ies).4.6 Use of Non-standard SystemsThis phonetic system isnot intended to prohibit the use of non-standard brevity or errorcontrol systems that are used only internally within any singleorganization. It also does not preclude the use
30、 of additionalmethods for clarity.4.7 Use of Standard SystemsThis phonetic system isintended to be directly interoperable with the majority ofstandard phonetic systems presently employed, both interna-tionally and within the United States, as noted in references(1-9). These standard systems actually
31、 exhibit many variationsamong themselves. Some provide no procedures, and noneinclude all of the symbols presented herein. Of all these knowndocuments, this practice is the only one that presents anexplanation of the phonetic system in terms of modern com-munications technology. To achieve interoper
32、ability and per-formance through bona fide standardization, system adminis-trators should consider this comprehensive practice forsuperseding, or revising, these other standard systems.5. Procedure5.1 Phonetic Alphabet:5.1.1 Phonetic Alphabet and PronunciationsTable 1 pre-sents the phonetic alphabet
33、 and the pronunciations used in thispractice.TABLE 1 Phonetic Alphabet and PronunciationsLetter Symbol PronunciationAA ALFA “AL-fah”B BRAVO “BRAH-voh”C CHARLIE “CHAR-lee”D DELTA “DELL-tah”E ECHO “ECK-oh”F FOXTROT “FOKS-trot”G GOLF “GOLF”H HOTEL “hoh-TELL”I INDIA “IN-dee-ah”J JULIET “JEW-lee-ETT”K KI
34、LO “KEY-loh”L LIMA “LEE-mah”M MIKE “MIKE”N NOVEMBER “no-VEM-ber”O OSCAR “OSS-cah”P PAPA “pah-PAH”Q QUEBEC “keh-BECK”R ROMEO “ROW-me-oh”S SIERRA “see-AIR-rah”T TANGO “TANG-go”U UNIFORM “YOU-nee-form”V VICTOR “VIK-tah”W WHISKEY “WISS-key”X XRAY “ECKS-ray”Y YANKEE “YANG-key”Z ZULU “ZOO-loo”AThe pronunc
35、iations are in quotes and CAPITAL letters to indicate the verbalemphasis.F 1583 95 (2006)25.1.2 Usage of Phonetic AlphabetPhonetic alphabet sym-bols are inserted in text that may be spoken, printed, orotherwise communicated.NOTE 1Examples of the usage of the phonetic alphabet in spoken andprinted te
36、xt are provided in the sections below. The word(s) to be validatedare in bold for clarity. Phonetic pronunciations are included for speech,with a “pause” as indicated:5.1.2.1 Phonetic Alphabet in SpeechFor speech, the pho-netic alphabet symbols are placed adjacent to the word(s) thatare spelled, as
37、follows:(1) Use the word(s) to be spelled;(2) Add “I SPELL” (which indicates the start of phonetics);(3) Spell the word(s) using the phonetic alphabet symbols(with a pause between spelled word(s);(4) Again use the word(s) that were spelled (whichindicates the end of phonetics);(5) Return to normal w
38、ords for the spoken text that follows.5.1.2.2 For single letters in speech, such as initials in aname, the phonetic alphabet symbols replace the letter(s) thatare spelled, as follows:(1) Note and replace (but do not use) the letter(s);(2) Add “INITIALS” (which indicates the start of phonet-ics);(3)
39、Spell the replaced letter(s) using the phonetic alphabetsymbols (with a pause between spelled letter(s);(4) Return to normal name or words (which indicates theend of phonetics) and continue with the spoken text thatfollows.5.1.2.3 Phonetic Alphabet in Speech, Examples:(1) As an example, the phrase(.
40、 respond emergency to Xylon St. for a .)would be spoken as follows:“. respond emergency to Xylon pause I SPELL pauseECKS-ray, YANG-key, LEE-mah, OSS-cah, no-VEM-berpause Xylon pauseStreet for a .”(2) As an additional example, the phrase(. reported sight of D.B. Cooper near .)would be spoken as follo
41、ws:“. reported sight of pause INITIALS DELL-tah pause BRAH-voh pause Cooper near .”5.1.2.4 Phonetic Alphabet in PrintFor print, the phoneticalphabet symbols are placed (as capital letters) within paren-theses adjacent to the word(s) that are spelled, as follows:(1) Use the word(s) to be spelled;(2)
42、Add the left parenthesis “(” (which indicates the start ofphonetics);(3) Spell the word(s) using the phonetic alphabet symbols(as capital letters if upper/lower case is available) (with acomma between the spelled words);(4) Add the right parenthesis “)” (which indicates the endof phonetics);(5) Retu
43、rn to normal words for the printed text that follow.5.1.2.5 Phonetic Alphabet in Print, Examples:(1) As an example, the phrase(. land medevac at Jim and Bob Sts. for .)would be printed as follows:“ . land medevac at Jim (JULIET INDIA MIKE) and Bob(BRAVO OSCAR BRAVO) Streets for .”In this example, th
44、e symbols enable validation or correctionof the text, even if they are slightly garbled themselves. (Wasit Jim or Gem or Jem? Was it Bob or Rob or Hob?)(2) As a continued example, the phrase might have beenreceived as follows (with errors “ + ”):“.1+ndmed+v+cat+i+(JUL+E+ +NDIA M + KE)a+d+ob(BR+VO+SC
45、AR B + AVO) S + reets fo + .”Examination of the capitalized phonetic symbols that werereceived (even with errors) enable error correction of theessential words.5.2 Phonetic Numerals:5.2.1 Phonetic Numerals and PronunciationsTable 2 pre-sents the phonetic numerals and the pronunciations that shallbe
46、used in this practice.5.2.2 Modified Numbers and SequencesCertain specificnumbers or combinations that are easily misunderstood, suchas those ending with “teen” and “ty”, shall not be used. Theyshall be modified for clarity and shall be “spelled out” as digits,as presented in Table 3.5.2.3 Usage of
47、Phonetic NumeralsPhonetic numeral sym-bols are inserted in text that may be spoken, printed, orotherwise, and they may be mixed with letters and punctuation.Examples of the usage of the phonetic numerals in spoken andprinted text are provided in the sections below. The number(s)to be clarified or va
48、lidated are in bold for clarity. Phoneticpronunciations are included for speech, with a “pause”asindicated:5.2.3.1 Phonetic Numerals in SpeechFor speech, the pho-netic numeral symbols replace the number(s) that are clarifiedor validated, as follows:(1) Note and replace (but do not use) the number(s)
49、;(2) Add “FIGURES” (which indicates the start of phonet-ics);(3) “Spell” the replaced number(s) using individual pho-netic numeral symbols (with a pause between “spelled” num-ber(s);(4) Return to normal words (which indicates the end ofphonetics) and continue with the spoken text that follows.5.2.3.2 Phonetic Numerals in Speech, Examples:TABLE 2 Phonetic Numerals and PronunciationsLetter Symbol PronunciationA0 ZERO “ZEE-roh”1 ONE “WUN”2 TWO “TOO”3 THREE “TREE”4 FOUR “FO-wer”5 FIVE “fi-YEV”6 SIX “SIKS”7 SEVEN “SAY-ven”8 EIGHT “AIT”9 NINE “NIN-er”00 H
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