1、Designation: F 1632 03An American National StandardStandard Test Method forParticle Size Analysis and Sand Shape Grading of GolfCourse Putting Green and Sports Field Rootzone Mixes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1632; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of pa
3、rticlesize distribution of putting green and other sand-based root-zone mixes. Particles larger than 0.05 mm (retained on a No.270 sieve) are determined by sieving. The silt and claypercentages are determined by a sedimentation process, usingthe pipet method. This procedure was developed for putting
4、green rootzone mixes, those assumed to have sand contents of80 % by weight or greater. Particle size analysis of soils may beperformed by this test method or Test Method D 422. This testmethod also describes a qualitative evaluation of sand particleshape.1.2 This standard does not purport to address
5、 all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Document2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 422 Test Method
6、for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsE 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Apparatus3.1 Balance, sensitiv
7、e to 0.001 g.3.2 Stirring Apparatus, may be either of the followingtypes:3.2.1 For Method AAn Electric Mixer, made for mechani-cal mixing of soils, or3.2.2 For Method BA Horizontal Reciprocating Shaker,with holder for 250 mL flasks or bottles.3.3 Sedimentation Cylinder, a glass cylinder marked for a
8、volume of 1000 mL. The height of the 1000 mL must be36 6 2 cm from the bottom on the inside.3.4 Thermometer,accurate to 0.5C.3.5 Pipet Rack,a device for lowering a pipet to a precisedepth in the sedimentation cylinder.3.6 Pipets,Lowy or other wide tipped type, 25 mL capacity.3.7 Weighing Bottles or
9、Beakers, glass with a capacity of100 mL.3.8 Sieves,square mesh with woven wire (brass or stainlesssteel). The sieves shall conform to the requirements of Speci-fication E 11. A full set of sieves shall include the following:3.8.1 No. 102 mm,3.8.2 No. 181 mm,3.8.3 No. 35500 m,3.8.4 No. 60250 m,3.8.5
10、No. 100149 m,3.8.6 No. 140105 m, and3.8.7 No. 27053 m.3.9 Sieve Shaker,type that provides vertical tapping actionas well as horizontal shaking.3.10 Desiccator.3.11 Dispersing Agent, a 5 % sodium hexametaphosphate(HMP) solution, made by dissolving 50 g of reagent ortechnical grade HMP in 1000 mL of d
11、istilled or demineralizedwater.3.12 Oven,capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 65C.3.13 Water,shall be distilled or demineralized, and broughtto the temperature that is expected to prevail during thesedimentation process. If air temperatures are expected tofluctuate, cylinders should be placed
12、 in a constant temperaturewater bath, and the distilled or demineralized water brought tothe temperature of the water bath.3.14 Dissecting Microscope, 25 to 503 power.TEST METHOD 1PROCEDURE FOR PARTICLESIZE ANALYSIS4. Procedure4.1 Dispersion of Sample:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of A
13、STM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 onNatural Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 1632 02.2For referenced ASTM
14、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohock
15、en, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.1 Weigh 100 6 5 g of air-dried rootzone mix to thenearest 0.1 g and place in mixing cup (Test Method A) or flask(Test Method B). Place a duplicate sample into a drying ovenset at 105 6 5C for correction to oven dried basis.4.1.2 Add 100 mL of dispersing agent. St
16、ir or swirl until therootzone mix is thoroughly wet. Allow to stand for 4 h. If usingTest Method B, place the flasks or bottles on the shaker andshake for 16 h or overnight.4.1.3 Test Method AAdd about 100 mL of water to themixing cup and place onto the mixer. Mix for 5 min on lowspeed.4.2 Determina
17、tion of the Sand (2.0 to 0.05 mm) Fractionsand Gravel (material 2 mm):4.2.1 Place a tared No. 270 sieve onto a large funnel held bya stand over a sedimentation cylinder. Pour the suspension ontothe sieve. Rinse remaining sand material out of the cup or flaskwith water onto the sieve. Wash the collec
18、ted sand and gravelwith misted water to wash any remaining silt or clay particlesthrough the sieve into the cylinder.4.2.2 An alternative for collecting sand and gravel is toseparate following the sampling for clay (4.3). In this case thesuspension is poured and washed onto a No. 270 sieve afterpipe
19、ting has been completed. The sample is then washed untilonly sand and gravel remain on the sieve. Then continue theprocedure at 4.2.3. If this alternative method is used, thevolume of silt plus clay suspension at pipeting time is less than1000 ml due to the presence of sand and gravel. Thus the clay
20、percentage as calculated in 6.1 must be corrected. Assuming aparticle density of 2.65 g/cc for sand and gravel, conversionfactors for various sand plus gravel weights in the cylinder areas follows:Sand and Gravelin Cylinder, gConversion Factor toCorrect % Clay in 6.168 to 92 0.9793 to 100 0.964.2.3
21、Wash the material retained on the No. 270 sieve into atared beaker, and place into an oven at 105 6 5C until dry andweigh.4.2.4 Transfer the dried sand to a nest of sieves. Shake thesieves on a shaker for 5 min. Check thoroughness of sieving ineach sieve by the hand method of sieving and continue si
22、evinguntil not more than 1 mass % of the residue on a sieve passesthat sieve during 1 min of sieving (see Test Method D 422).Weigh gravel material retained on No. 10 (2 mm) sieve andeach sand fraction to the nearest 0.1 g.4.3 Determination of Clay (2 m):4.3.1 Add distilled or demineralized water to
23、the sedimen-tation cylinder to bring up to the 1000 mL volume. Cover thecylinder with waxfilm, a stopper, or watch glass. Place thecylinder into a water bath, or allow it to stand until thetemperature of the suspension is the same as the water bath orthe air temperature, respectively.4.3.2 After the
24、 temperature is constant, resuspend the siltand clay by one of the two following methods: (a) stirthoroughly with a hand stirrer, using an up and down motionfor at least 30 s; or (b) stopper the cylinder and shake end overend for 1 min.4.3.3 Use Tables 1 and 2 or appropriate calculations usingStokes
25、 Law to determine sampling depths and times for thesuspension temperature.4.3.4 Turn on the vacuum and withdraw a 25 mL sample inabout 12 s. Rate of withdraw is important.4.3.5 Discharge the sample into a tared beaker or dryingdish.4.3.6 To wash out any residual material in the pipet draw 25mL of wa
26、ter into the pipet, and discharge into the same dryingdish.4.3.7 Evaporate the water and dry the clay at 105 6 5C.4.3.8 Cool in a desiccator and weigh to the nearest 0.001 g.5. Determination of Correction for Dispersing Solution5.1 Dispense 100 mL of dispersing solution into 1 Lcontainer.5.2 Add dis
27、tilled or demineralized water to 1 L volume, stiror swirl until thoroughly mixed.5.3 Draw 25 mL and dispense into a tared beaker or dryingdish.5.4 Draw 25 mL of water and dispense into same dish.5.5 Evaporate in an oven at 105 6 5C.5.6 Weigh the sediment in the beaker (WD) to the nearest0.001 g.6. C
28、alculation for Test Method 16.1 Calculate percent clay as follows:% clay 540WC2WD!WS3100where:WC= weight of clay in drying dish (g),WD= weight of sediment from dispersing solution, andWS= weight of rootzone sample, corrected for initialwater content.6.2 Calculate percent gravel and percent sand for
29、each sandsize fraction as follows:% sand or gravel 5WSAWS3100TABLE 1 Settling Velocities and Settling Times (at 10-cm depth)for 5 g/L HMP Solutions and Particle Density of 2.65 g/cc whenSampling for Clay (2 microns) at Various TemperaturesTemperature, C Settling Velocity, cm/h Time for 10-cm Depth,
30、h14 1.084 9.2315 1.112 8.9916 1.142 8.7617 1.172 8.5318 1.203 8.3119 1.233 8.1120 1.264 7.9121 1.295 7.7222 1.327 7.5423 1.358 7.3624 1.390 7.1925 1.423 7.0326 1.455 6.8727 1.488 6.7228 1.521 6.5729 1.555 6.4330 1.588 6.30F1632032where:WSA= weight of sand or gravel retained on sieve, andWS= correcte
31、d weight of the rootzone sample.6.3 Calculate percent silt as follows:% silt 5FWS2WCt2WSSAWSG3 100where:WS= corrected weight of the rootzone sample (g),WCT= total weight of clay (g), andWSSA= sum of sand and gravel weights (g).TEST METHOD 2QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OFPARTICLE SHAPE7. Procedure7.1 Place
32、 a small quantity of dried sand in a dish or on amicroscope slide. Observe particle shape of several grains ofsand. Repeat this two or three times.7.2 Use Fig. 1 to describe particle angularity and spheric-ity.38. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 The particle size analysis, listing t
33、he percent gravel,sand, silt, and clay to the nearest 0.1 %. The sum of these fourfractions shall equal 100,8.1.2 The percent sand to the nearest 0.1 % retained on eachsieve, expressed as the percentage of the entire sample; that is,the total sand fractions should equal the sand percentage listedin
34、the particle size analysis,8.1.3 The D85to the nearest 0.01 mm of the root zone mix.The D85is the particle diameter where 85 % of the sandparticles are finer in particle size, and8.1.4 Description of the sand particle shape.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Interlaboratory Test ProgramAn interlaboratorystudy
35、 was conducted in accordance with procedures of PracticeE 691. Three randomly selected test specimens for each of sixrootzone mixes were sent to nine laboratories for determinationof gravel, sand (total and six fractions), silt, and clay. Data onthe two finest sand fractions were based on results fr
36、om sevenlaboratories. The mixes were representative of sandy rootzonesused on turfgrass areas and were mixtures of either (1) sandand peat, (2) sand and soil, or (3) sand, soil, and peat. Beingtypical mixes, they contained only small amounts of gravel,sands 0.15 mm, silt, and clay. Ranges of materia
37、ls in each sizefraction were limited due to the sizing within such rootzonemixes.9.2 Test ResultThe following precision information forsize fraction contents and 95 % repeatability (within labora-tory) and reproducibility (between laboratories) limits is in theunit of percentage, and the limits are
38、for the comparison of twotest results (within the ranges indicated), each of which is theaverage of three test determinations. The terms repeatabilitylimit and reproducibility limit are used in accordance withPractice E 177 and are indicated as r and R, respectively, in thefollowing section.9.3 Prec
39、isionIn the following sections, r and R indicatethe value below which the absolute difference between twoindividual test results obtained under repeatability (withinlaboratory) and reproducibility (between laboratories) condi-tions, respectively, may be expected to occur with a probabilityof approxi
40、mately 95 %. Values in parentheses following an r orR value indicate the range of r or R values for the test samples.9.3.1 Gravel (+No. 10)Test Range 0.1 to 0.8 %r 5 0.6 % 0.2 to 1.0 %! (1)R 5 0.9 % 0.3 to 1.3 %! (2)Test value 13.0 %r 5 4.8 % (3)R 5 9.0 % (4)9.3.2 Very Coarse Sand (-No. 10, +No. 18)
41、Test Range 0.2to 6.1 %3From Baker, S. W., Sports Turf Research Institute, Bingley, England.TABLE 2 Sampling Depths for Clay (2 microns) at SpecifiedTimes and Temperatures for 5.0 g/L HMP Solutions and ParticleDensity of 2.65 g/ccTemperature (C)Sampling Depth (cm) After4.5 h 5.0 h 5.5 h 6.0 h14 4.9 5
42、.4 6.0 6.515 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.716 5.1 5.7 6.3 6.917 5.3 5.9 6.4 7.018 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.219 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.420 5.7 6.3 7.0 7.621 5.8 6.5 7.1 7.822 6.0 6.6 7.3 8.023 6.1 6.8 7.5 8.224 6.3 7.0 7.6 8.325 6.4 7.1 7.8 8.526 6.5 7.3 8.0 8.727 6.7 7.4 8.2 8.928 6.8 7.6 8.4 9.129 7.0 7.8 8.6 9.330 7.1 7.9 8.7 9.5FI
43、G. 1 Chart Showing the Angularity and Sphericity of SandGrainsF1632033r 5 0.8 % 0.5 to 1.2 %! (5)R 5 1.6 % 0.9 to 2.2 %! (6)Test value 13.6 %r 5 3.0 % (7)R 5 4.0 % (8)9.3.3 Coarse Sand (-No. 18, +No. 35)Test Range 3.2 to26.8 %r 5 1.7 % 1.3 to 2.6 %! (9)R 5 4.5 % 3.4 to 5.8 %! (10)9.3.4 Medium Sand (
44、-No. 35, +No. 60)Test range 31.7 to67.0 %r 5 2.2 % 1.6 to 3.8 %! (11)R 5 4.8 % 3.8 to 5.7 %! (12)9.3.5 Fine Sand1 (-No. 60, + No. 100)Test range 8.8 to23.4 %r 5 1.4 % 1.0 to 1.8 %! (13)R 5 2.7 % 1.7 to 3.9 %! (14)9.3.6 Fine Sand2 (-No. 100, + No. 140)Test range 1.6to 3.4 %r 5 0.4 % 0.4 to 0.7 %! (15
45、)R 5 1.0 % 0.8 to 1.2 %! (16)9.3.7 Very Fine Sand (-No. 140, + No. 270)Test range 0.6to 2.6 %r 5 0.8 % 0.5 to 1.4 %! (17)R 5 1.5 % 0.9 to 2.5 %! (18)9.3.8 Total Sand (-No. 10, +No. 270)Test range 87.3 to97.9 %r 5 1.6 % 1.0 to 2.0 %! (19)R 5 4.5 % 2.2 to 6.0 %! (20)Test value 78.6 %r 5 5.3 % (21)R 5
46、12.2 % (22)9.3.9 Silt (53 m to 2 m)Test range 1.1 to 6.1 %r 5 1.6 % 0.9 to 2.2 %! (23)R 5 3.7 % 2.0 to 4.3 %! (24)Test value 8.3 %R 5 3.5 % (25)R 5 6.2 % (26)9.3.10 Clay (2 m)Test range 1.0 to 3.4 %r 5 0.8 % 0.7 to 0.9 %! (27)R 5 1.7 % 1.4 to 2.0 %! (28)9.4 BiasThe bias for these measurements is und
47、eterminedbecause there is no reference value for the materials (mixes)used.10. Keywords10.1 particle size; putting greens; sand; sand particle shape;soil; sports fields; turfgrassASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item me
48、ntionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committe
49、e and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown belo
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