1、Designation: F 1642 04Standard Test Method forGlazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1642; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONHistorical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as the result of intentional oraccidental explosions pres
3、ent a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blastpressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury andfacility damage. These risks increase in direct proportion to the amount of glazing used on the buildingfacade. This test me
4、thod addresses only glazing and glazing systems. It assumes that the designer hasverified that other structural elements have been adequately designed to resist the anticipated airblastpressures.1. Scope1.1 This test method sets forth procedures for the evaluationof hazards of glazing or glazing sys
5、tems against airblastloadings. The specifying authority shall provide the airblastloading parameters.1.2 This test method allows for glazing to be tested andrated with or without framing systems.1.3 This test method is designed to test and rate all glazing,glazing systems, and glazing retrofit syste
6、ms including, but notlimited to, those fabricated from glass, plastic, glass-cladplastics, laminated glass, glass/plastic glazing materials, andfilm-backed glass.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.For conversion o
7、f quantities in various systems of measure-ments to SI units, see SI 10.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine t
8、he applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 forspecific hazards statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 997 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass inExterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under theInfluence of Uniform Static Loads by Destructi
9、ve MethodsSI 10 American National Standard for Use of the Interna-tional System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ambient temperature24 6 11C (75 6 20F).3.1.2 blast mata steel or concrete pad upon which highexplosive may be detonated to reduce the incidence
10、of ejecta.3.1.3 effective positive phase duration (T)the duration ofan idealized triangular positive phase reflected airblast pressurehistory, having an instantaneous rise to the measured P, with alinear decay to ambient, such that the impulse of the idealizedpressure history equals i of the measure
11、d positive phasereflected airblast history.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe idealized triangular airblast waveis considered to provide a reliable standard measure of thepositive phase airblast intensity.3.1.4 glazingtransparent materials used for windows,doors, or other panels.3.1.5 glazing systemthe assembly
12、comprised of the glaz-ing, its framing system, and anchorage devices.3.1.6 peak positive pressure (P)the maximum measuredpositive phase airblast pressure, kPa.3.1.7 positive phase impulse (i)the integral of the mea-sured positive phase reflected airblast pressure history, kPa-ms(psi-ms) (more correc
13、tly called the specific positive phaseimpulse).3.1.8 reflected airblast pressurethe pressure increase thata surface, oriented other than parallel to the line from thedetonation point to the surface, experiences due to the detona-tion of a high explosive charge.1This test method is under the jurisdic
14、tion of ASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 onSystems Products and Services.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published March 2004. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 1642 03.2For refere
15、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe reflected airblast pressure history,whether reflected or otherwise, as measured at a point on thesurface, consists of two separate phases. The positive phase ischaracterized by a nearly instantaneous rise to a maximumpressure followed
17、by an exponential decay to ambient pressure.In the negative phase, which follows immediately the positivephase, the pressure decreases below ambient for a period oftime before returning to ambient.3.1.9 simply supported glazingglazing supported in ac-cordance with Test Method E 997 with the edges of
18、 the glassextending a minimum of 3-mm (0.125-in.) beyond the neo-prene supports.3.1.10 test directorthe individual identified by the inde-pendent testing laboratory as being responsible to complete thespecified tests as required and to document the results, inaccordance with this test method.4. Summ
19、ary of Test Method4.1 This test method prescribes the required apparatus,procedures, specimens, and other requirements necessary todetermine the hazard rating of a glazing or glazing systemsubjected to an airblast loading.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a structured procedure to
20、establish the hazard rating of glazing and glazing systemssubjected to an airblast loading. Knowing the hazard ratingprovides the ability to assess the risk of personal injury andfacility damage.5.2 The hazard rating for a glazing or glazing material doesnot imply that a single specimen will resist
21、the specific airblastfor which it is rated with a probability of 1.0. The probabilitythat a single glazing or glazing construction specimen willresist the specific airblast for which it is rated increasesproportionally with the number of test specimens that success-fully resist the given level of ai
22、rblast to the hazard level forwhich it is rated.6. Number of Specimens6.1 Number of SpecimensA minimum of three test speci-mens representative of a glazing or glazing system, or a glazingretrofit system, shall be tested at a given level of airblast,defined in terms of P and i.7. Hazard Rating7.1 The
23、 hazard rating of the glazing or glazing system shallbe according to the rating criteria definitions provided belowand further demonstrated in Fig. 1. The hazard rating thatglazing or glazing systems receive is based upon the severity offragments generated during an airblast test. The fragmentseveri
24、ty is determined based upon the number, size andlocation of fragments observed during post-test data gathering.Fragments to be considered in rating the glazing or glazingsystem include those generated by the glazing, and any otherparts of the glazing system not considered to be part of the testfacil
25、ity. See 8.1 for a definition of the test facility.7.1.1 No BreakThe glazing is observed not to fracture andthere is no visible damage to the glazing system.7.1.2 No HazardThe glazing is observed to fracture but isfully retained in the facility test frame or glazing system frameand the rear surface
26、(the side opposite the airblast loaded sideof the specimen) is unbroken.7.1.3 Minimal HazardThe glazing is observed to fractureand the total length of tears in the glazing plus the total lengthof pullout from the edge of the frame is less than 20 % of theglazing sight perimeter. Also, there are thre
27、e or less perfora-tions caused by glazing slivers and no fragment indentsanywhere in a vertical witness panel located 3 m (120 in.) fromFIG. 1 Cross-section Through Witness AreaF1642042the interior face of the specimen and there are fragments witha sum total united dimension of 25 cm (10 in.) or les
28、s on thefloor between 1 m (40 in.) and 3 m (120 in.) from the interiorface of the specimen. Glazing dust and slivers are not ac-counted for in the rating.7.1.3.1 DiscussionFragments are defined as any particlewith a united dimension of 2.5 cm (1 in.) or greater. The uniteddimension of a glass partic
29、le is determined by adding its width,length, and thickness. Glazing dust and slivers are all othersmaller particles.7.1.4 Very Low HazardThe glazing is observed to fractureand is located within 1 m (40 in.) of the original location. Also,there are three or less perforations caused by glazing slivers
30、and no fragment indents anywhere in a vertical witness panellocated 3 m (120 in.) from the interior face of the specimen andthere are fragments with a sum total united dimension of 25 cm(10 in.) or less on the floor between 1 m (40 in.) and 3 m (120in.) from the interior face of the specimen. Glazin
31、g dust andslivers are not accounted for in the rating.7.1.5 Low HazardThe glazing is observed to fracture, butglazing fragments generally fall between 1 m (40 in.) of theinterior face of the specimen and 50 cm (20 in.) or less abovethe floor of a vertical witness panel located 3 m (120 in.) fromthe
32、interior face of the specimen. Also, there are ten or fewerperforations in the area of a vertical witness panel located 3 m(120 in.) from the interior face of the specimen and higher than50 cm (20 in.) above the floor and none of the perforationspenetrate through the full thickness of the foil backe
33、d insula-tion board layer of the witness panel as defined in 8.7.5.7.1.6 High HazardGlazing is observed to fracture andthere are more than ten perforations in the area of a verticalwitness panel located 3 m (120 in.) from the interior face of thespecimen and higher than 50 cm (20 in.) above the floo
34、r orthere are one or more perforations in the same witness panelarea with fragment penetration through the first layer and intothe second layer of the witness panel.8. Apparatus8.1 Test FacilityThe test facility shall consist of either ashock tube or an open-air arena from which the airblast loading
35、is generated. Open-air arenas should be sited on clear and levelterrain and be of sufficient size to accommodate the detonationof the required amount of explosives to provide the desiredpeak positive pressure and positive phase impulse. The testfacility shall also consist of a test frame and witness
36、 area asdescribed below. The test director shall ensure that potentialenvironmental impact issues are determined and resolved priorto testing. The test director shall ensure that testing is con-ducted at ambient temperature in accordance with Section3.1.1.8.2 Airblast LoadEither a shocktube or a hig
37、h explosivecharge shall be used to generate the desired peak pressure andthe positive phase impulse on the test specimen. If an explosivecharge is used, the charge shall be hemispherical and detonatedeither at ground level or elevated by placing the explosive ona table. Elevation of the base of the
38、explosive shall be between60 cm (24 in.) and 120 cm (48 in.) above the ground where theexplosive will be detonated. Other explosive charge configu-rations can be used. The effects of using other explosive chargeconfigurations must be accounted for and documented. SeeAnnex A1 for information to be us
39、ed in calculating pressures,impulses, and durations, and for accounting for different typesof explosives. Note that the procedures in Annex A1 accountfor loading from a hemispherical charge imparting load on alarge facade and do not address the issues of clearing or otherexplosive shapes.8.3 Blast M
40、atIf there is a possibility of crater ejectainterfering with the test, the explosive charge shall be placed ona blast mat. The decision to use a blast mat shall be at thediscretion of the test director.8.4 Test FrameA test frame suitable for supporting glaz-ing or glazing systems shall be part of th
41、e test facility. Glazingtested without a specific framing system shall be, as a mini-mum, supported in a simple support subframe that is attachedto the test frame. At the request of a test sponsor, othersubframe support conditions may be used. If a glazing systemis tested, the glazing system shall b
42、e mounted to the test framein a manner that closely models the manner in which it will bemounted in the field. The test frame shall be capable ofresisting the airblast loads with deflections that do not exceedL/360 along lines of support for the simple support subframe orthe glazing system. The area
43、 immediately behind the testspecimens shall be designated as the witness area. For arenatesting, the witness area shall be enclosed to prevent airblastpressure from wrapping behind the test specimens, and shall bedesigned to resist the wrap around pressures.8.5 Simple Support SubframeA subframe, att
44、achable tothe test frame, to support glazing in accordance with TestMethod E 997.8.6 Witness AreaThe witness area shall have the follow-ing dimensions. The floor shall be 500 6 50 mm (20 6 2 in.)below the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system, unless the specifying authority
45、dictates that theglazing or glazing system shall be tested per its position in abuilding. The ceiling shall be a minimum of 10 cm (4 in.) fromthe top of the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system. The sides shall be a minimum of 10 cm (4 in.)from the subframe opening used to r
46、eceive the glazing orglazing system. The back wall of the witness area shall be 3.06 0.15 m (120 6 6 in.) from the interior glazing face of thespecimen.8.7 Instrumentation:8.7.1 Pressure TransducersA minimum of three reflectedand one free field airblast pressure transducers shall be used ineach test
47、 frame or in a separate transducer panel for arenatesting. A minimum of three reflected pressure transducersshall be used for shocktube testing. The airblast pressuretransducer shall be capable of defining the anticipated airblastpressure history within the linear range of the transducer. Thetransdu
48、cers shall have a rise/response time and resolutionsufficient to capture the complete event. Limited low frequencyresponse transducers shall have a discharge time constant equalto approximately 30 to 50 times the initial positive phaseduration of the anticipated reflected airblast pressure history.8
49、.7.2 Data Acquisition System (DAS)The DAS shall con-sist of either an analog or digital recording system with asufficient number of channels to accommodate the pressureF1642043transducers and any other electronic measuring devices. TheDAS must operate at a sufficiently high frequency to recordreliably the peak positive pressure. The DAS shall alsoincorporate filters to preclude alias frequency effects from thedata.8.7.3 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic equipmentshall be available to document the test.8.7.4 Temperature Measuring Device (TMD)A TMDshall
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