1、Designation: F1642 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forGlazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1642; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONHistorical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as the result of intentional oraccidental
3、explosions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blastpressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury andfacility damage. These risks increase in direct proportion to the amount of glazing used on the buildingfacad
4、e. This test method addresses only glazing and glazing systems. It assumes that the designer hasverified that other structural elements have been adequately designed to resist the anticipated airblastpressures.1. Scope1.1 This test method sets forth procedures for the evaluationof hazards of glazing
5、 or glazing systems against airblastloadings. The specifying authority shall provide the airblastloading parameters.1.2 This test method allows for glazing to be tested andrated with or without framing systems.1.3 This test method is designed to test and rate all glazing,glazing systems, and glazing
6、 retrofit systems including, but notlimited to, those fabricated from glass, plastic, glass-cladplastics, laminated glass, glass/plastic glazing materials, andfilm-backed glass.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.F
7、or conversion of quantities in various systems of measure-ments to SI units, see SI 10.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
8、and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 forspecific hazards statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E997 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass inExterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under theInfluence of Uniform Static Load
9、s by Destructive MethodsSI 10 American National Standard for Use of the Interna-tional System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ambient temperature24 6 11C (75 6 20F).3.1.2 blast mata steel or concrete pad upon which highexplosive may be detonated to reduce t
10、he incidence of ejecta.3.1.3 effective positive phase duration (T)the duration ofan idealized triangular positive phase reflected airblast pressurehistory, having an instantaneous rise to the measured P, with alinear decay to ambient, such that the impulse of the idealizedpressure history equals i o
11、f the measured positive phasereflected airblast history.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe idealized triangular airblast waveis considered to provide a reliable standard measure of thepositive phase airblast intensity.3.1.4 glazingtransparent materials used for windows,doors, or other panels.3.1.5 glazing system
12、the assembly comprised of the glaz-ing, its framing system, and anchorage devices.3.1.6 peak positive pressure (P)the maximum measuredpositive phase airblast pressure, kPa.3.1.7 positive phase impulse (i)the integral of the mea-sured positive phase reflected airblast pressure history, kPa-ms(psi-ms)
13、 (more correctly called the specific positive phaseimpulse).3.1.8 reflected airblast pressurethe pressure increase thata surface, oriented other than parallel to the line from thedetonation point to the surface, experiences due to the detona-tion of a high explosive charge.1This test method is under
14、 the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 onSystems Products and Services.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F1642 04. DO
15、I:10.1520/F1642-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
16、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe reflected airblast pressure history,whether reflected or otherwise, as measured at a point on thesurface, consists of two separate phases. The positive phase ischaracterized by a nearly instantaneous ri
17、se to a maximumpressure followed by an exponential decay to ambient pressure.In the negative phase, which follows immediately the positivephase, the pressure decreases below ambient for a period oftime before returning to ambient.3.1.9 simply supported glazingglazing supported in ac-cordance with Te
18、st Method E997 with the edges of the glassextending a minimum of 3-mm (0.125-in.) beyond the neo-prene supports.3.1.10 test directorthe individual identified by the inde-pendent testing laboratory as being responsible to complete thespecified tests as required and to document the results, inaccordan
19、ce with this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method prescribes the required apparatus,procedures, specimens, and other requirements necessary todetermine the hazard rating of a glazing or glazing systemsubjected to an airblast loading.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method pr
20、ovides a structured procedure toestablish the hazard rating of glazing and glazing systemssubjected to an airblast loading. Knowing the hazard ratingprovides the ability to assess the risk of personal injury andfacility damage.5.2 The hazard rating for a glazing or glazing material doesnot imply tha
21、t a single specimen will resist the specific airblastfor which it is rated with a probability of 1.0. The probabilitythat a single glazing or glazing construction specimen willresist the specific airblast for which it is rated increasesproportionally with the number of test specimens that success-fu
22、lly resist the given level of airblast to the hazard level forwhich it is rated.6. Number of Specimens6.1 Number of SpecimensA minimum of three test speci-mens representative of a glazing or glazing system, or a glazingretrofit system, shall be tested at a given level of airblast,defined in terms of
23、 P and i.7. Hazard Rating7.1 The hazard rating of the glazing or glazing system shallbe according to the rating criteria definitions provided belowand further demonstrated in Fig. 1. The hazard rating thatglazing or glazing systems receive is based upon the severity offragments generated during an a
24、irblast test. The fragmentseverity is determined based upon the number, size andlocation of fragments observed during post-test data gathering.Fragments to be considered in rating the glazing or glazingsystem include those generated by the glazing, and any otherparts of the glazing system not consid
25、ered to be part of the testfacility. See 8.1 for a definition of the test facility.7.1.1 No BreakThe glazing is observed not to fracture andthere is no visible damage to the glazing system.7.1.2 No HazardThe glazing is observed to fracture but isfully retained in the facility test frame or glazing s
26、ystem frameand the rear surface (the side opposite the airblast loaded sideof the specimen) is unbroken.7.1.3 Minimal HazardThe glazing is observed to fractureand the total length of tears in the glazing plus the total lengthof pullout from the edge of the frame is less than 20 % of theglazing sight
27、 perimeter. Also, there are three or less perfora-tions caused by glazing slivers and no fragment indentsanywhere in a vertical witness panel located 3 m (120 in.) fromFIG. 1 Cross-section Through Witness AreaF1642 04 (2010)2the interior face of the specimen and there are fragments witha sum total u
28、nited dimension of 25 cm (10 in.) or less on thefloor between 1 m (40 in.) and 3 m (120 in.) from the interiorface of the specimen. Glazing dust and slivers are not ac-counted for in the rating.7.1.3.1 DiscussionFragments are defined as any particlewith a united dimension of 2.5 cm (1 in.) or greate
29、r. The uniteddimension of a glass particle is determined by adding its width,length, and thickness. Glazing dust and slivers are all othersmaller particles.7.1.4 Very Low HazardThe glazing is observed to fractureand is located within 1 m (40 in.) of the original location.Also,there are three or less
30、 perforations caused by glazing sliversand no fragment indents anywhere in a vertical witness panellocated 3 m (120 in.) from the interior face of the specimen andthere are fragments with a sum total united dimension of 25 cm(10 in.) or less on the floor between 1 m (40 in.) and 3 m (120in.) from th
31、e interior face of the specimen. Glazing dust andslivers are not accounted for in the rating.7.1.5 Low HazardThe glazing is observed to fracture, butglazing fragments generally fall between 1 m (40 in.) of theinterior face of the specimen and 50 cm (20 in.) or less abovethe floor of a vertical witne
32、ss panel located 3 m (120 in.) fromthe interior face of the specimen. Also, there are ten or fewerperforations in the area of a vertical witness panel located 3 m(120 in.) from the interior face of the specimen and higher than50 cm (20 in.) above the floor and none of the perforationspenetrate throu
33、gh the full thickness of the foil backed insula-tion board layer of the witness panel as defined in 8.7.5.7.1.6 High HazardGlazing is observed to fracture andthere are more than ten perforations in the area of a verticalwitness panel located 3 m (120 in.) from the interior face of thespecimen and hi
34、gher than 50 cm (20 in.) above the floor orthere are one or more perforations in the same witness panelarea with fragment penetration through the first layer and intothe second layer of the witness panel.8. Apparatus8.1 Test FacilityThe test facility shall consist of either ashock tube or an open-ai
35、r arena from which the airblast loadingis generated. Open-air arenas should be sited on clear and levelterrain and be of sufficient size to accommodate the detonationof the required amount of explosives to provide the desiredpeak positive pressure and positive phase impulse. The testfacility shall a
36、lso consist of a test frame and witness area asdescribed below. The test director shall ensure that potentialenvironmental impact issues are determined and resolved priorto testing. The test director shall ensure that testing is con-ducted at ambient temperature in accordance with Section3.1.1.8.2 A
37、irblast LoadEither a shocktube or a high explosivecharge shall be used to generate the desired peak pressure andthe positive phase impulse on the test specimen. If an explosivecharge is used, the charge shall be hemispherical and detonatedeither at ground level or elevated by placing the explosive o
38、na table. Elevation of the base of the explosive shall be between60 cm (24 in.) and 120 cm (48 in.) above the ground where theexplosive will be detonated. Other explosive charge configu-rations can be used. The effects of using other explosive chargeconfigurations must be accounted for and documente
39、d. SeeAnnex A1 for information to be used in calculating pressures,impulses, and durations, and for accounting for different typesof explosives. Note that the procedures in Annex A1 accountfor loading from a hemispherical charge imparting load on alarge facade and do not address the issues of cleari
40、ng or otherexplosive shapes.8.3 Blast MatIf there is a possibility of crater ejectainterfering with the test, the explosive charge shall be placed ona blast mat. The decision to use a blast mat shall be at thediscretion of the test director.8.4 Test FrameA test frame suitable for supporting glaz-ing
41、 or glazing systems shall be part of the test facility. Glazingtested without a specific framing system shall be, as a mini-mum, supported in a simple support subframe that is attachedto the test frame. At the request of a test sponsor, othersubframe support conditions may be used. If a glazing syst
42、emis tested, the glazing system shall be mounted to the test framein a manner that closely models the manner in which it will bemounted in the field. The test frame shall be capable ofresisting the airblast loads with deflections that do not exceedL/360 along lines of support for the simple support
43、subframe orthe glazing system. The area immediately behind the testspecimens shall be designated as the witness area. For arenatesting, the witness area shall be enclosed to prevent airblastpressure from wrapping behind the test specimens, and shall bedesigned to resist the wrap around pressures.8.5
44、 Simple Support SubframeA subframe, attachable tothe test frame, to support glazing in accordance with TestMethod E997.8.6 Witness AreaThe witness area shall have the follow-ing dimensions. The floor shall be 500 6 50 mm (20 6 2 in.)below the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing sy
45、stem, unless the specifying authority dictates that theglazing or glazing system shall be tested per its position in abuilding. The ceiling shall be a minimum of 10 cm (4 in.) fromthe top of the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system. The sides shall be a minimum of 10 cm (4 i
46、n.)from the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system. The back wall of the witness area shall be 3.06 0.15 m (120 6 6 in.) from the interior glazing face of thespecimen.8.7 Instrumentation:8.7.1 Pressure TransducersA minimum of three reflectedand one free field airblast pressure
47、 transducers shall be used ineach test frame or in a separate transducer panel for arenatesting. A minimum of three reflected pressure transducersshall be used for shocktube testing. The airblast pressuretransducer shall be capable of defining the anticipated airblastpressure history within the line
48、ar range of the transducer. Thetransducers shall have a rise/response time and resolutionsufficient to capture the complete event. Limited low frequencyresponse transducers shall have a discharge time constant equalto approximately 30 to 50 times the initial positive phaseduration of the anticipated
49、 reflected airblast pressure history.8.7.2 Data Acquisition System (DAS)The DAS shall con-sist of either an analog or digital recording system with asufficient number of channels to accommodate the pressureF1642 04 (2010)3transducers and any other electronic measuring devices. TheDAS must operate at a sufficiently high frequency to recordreliably the peak positive pressure. The DAS shall alsoincorporate filters to preclude alias frequency effects from thedata.8.7.3 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic equipmentshall be available to document the test.8.
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