1、Designation: F1646 12An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toSafety and Traction for Footwear1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers terminology used insafety and traction for footwear and related material.1.2 Words
3、 adequately defined in standard dictionaries arenot included. Included are words that are particular to thisindustry.NOTE 1The following standards are currently under the jurisdictionof ASTM Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear and areincluded in 2.1: Test Methods F489, F609, and F694;
4、Practices F695 andF1637; and Guides F802 and F1240.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5859 Test Method for Determining the Traction of Foot-wear on Painted Surfaces Using the Variable IncidenceTester3F489 Test Method for Using a James Machine3F609 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Sli
5、pmeter(HPS)F694 Test Method for Heel-Attaching Strength of WomensShoes3F695 Practice for Ranking of Test Data Obtained for Mea-surement of Slip Resistance of Footwear Sole, Heel, andRelated MaterialsF802 Guide for Selection of Certain Walkway SurfacesWhen Considering Footwear Traction3F1240 Guide fo
6、r Ranking Footwear Bottom Materials onContaminated Walkway Surfaces According to Slip Resis-tance Test ResultsF1637 Practice for Safe Walking SurfacesF1694 Guide for Composing Walkway Surface Investiga-tion, Evaluation and Incident Report Forms for Slips,Stumbles, Trips, and FallsF2508 Practice for
7、Validation and Calibration of WalkwayTribometers Using Reference Surfaces3. Terminologyadhesion, nthe tendency of one surface to adhere to anothersurface prior to movement due to dwell time, as well as otherfactors.arch, nthe bony framework of the foot extending from theheel to the toes and sustaine
8、d by the muscles and ligamentsin the form of an arch. Also, the bottom curve of a shoe lastfrom heel to ball.barefoot, adv or adjwith the feet uncovered or unclothed;without shoes or stockings.bollard, na thick, low, short, post, often of iron or steel andusually used in series, provided for the pur
9、pose of excludingor diverting motor vehicles from a road, lawn, or path.F1637breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes, underspecified conditions, the relationship between the valuesobtained by a walkway tribometer and the correspondingsup
10、plier reference values. F2508carpet, npermanently secured fibrous floor covering.DISCUSSIONArea rugs, mats, and runners are not considered to becarpet for the purpose of this practice. F1637clean, nfree from visible or tactile contamination.coating, na layer of any substance intentionally applied to
11、 asurface to modify its functional or decorative characteristics.coefficient-of-friction (COF or ), na dimensionless num-ber: the ratio of two forces acting at the interface of twocontacting solid bodies. The force used in the numerator isparallel to the surfaces and the force used in the denominato
12、ris perpendicular (normal) to the surfaces. See also dynamiccoeffcient of friction.coefficient of friction (COF), nthe ratio of the horizontalcomponent of force (parallel to the walkway surface andpassing through the tester center of gravity) required toovercome the friction to the normal component
13、of thevertical force (weight) of the object. D5859coefficient of friction, nthe ratio of the frictional force to theforce, usually gravitational, acting perpendicular to the twosurfaces in contact. This coefficient is a measure of the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13
14、onPedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F13.91 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1646 051. DOI:10.1520/F1646-12.2For refere
15、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is ref
16、erencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.relative difficulty with which the surface of one material willslide over an adjoining surface of itself, or of anothermaterial. The static or starting coefficien
17、t of friction (s)isrelated to the force measured to begin movement of thesurfaces relative to each other. The kinetic or slidingcoefficient of friction (k) is related to the force measured insustaining this movement. F489contaminant, nany substance between and not a part ofeither of the two surfaces
18、; contaminant, contaminating,contamination.contamination, nany undesirable solid or liquid materialthat rests upon a surface or exists between two matingsurfaces; contaminant, contaminating.contra lateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on theopposite side of the body.cross slope, nthe slope of a
19、pedestrian walkway that isperpendicular to the direction of travel. F1637dwell time, nthe duration of time beginning at the instant atribometers test foot is placed upon the surface to be tested,and ending at the instant a shear force is applied to thesensor.dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF), n
20、 a coefficient offriction, d, obtained during relative translation between twocontacting solid bodies; used interchangeably with kineticcoeffcient of friction.element, nan identifiable part of an architectural component,for example, a stair handrail, tread, riser, or landing.F1637fair, adja smooth t
21、ransition between adjacent surfaces.F1637fall, nundesirable descent due to the force of gravity, usuallyfrom a standing posture or during ambulation, to a lowerlevel, usually the ground or floor.fit, nthe ability of the shoe or hosiery to conform to the size,width, shape, and proportion of the foot.
22、floor surface, nSee walkway surface.footwear, nwearing apparel for the feet (such as shoes,boots, slippers, or overshoes), excluding hosiery.footwear, nshoes, including boots, sandals, slippers, or foulweather gear such as overshoes and rubbers, or a combina-tion thereof. F1637foreseeable pedestrian
23、 path, nany place where a pedestriancould reasonably be expected to walk. F1637foxing, na piece of material applied to the upper or extend-ing around the outsole of a boot or shoe.friction, nresistance to the relative motion of one bodysliding, rolling, or flowing over another with which it is incon
24、tact.friction, nthe resistance developed between the physicallycontacting surfaces of two bodies when there is a movementor attempted movement of one body relative to the otherparallel to the plane of contact. D5859friction, nthe resisting force that arises when a surface ofone substance slides, or
25、tends to slide, over an adjoiningsurface of itself or another substance. Between surfaces ofsolids in contact there may be two kinds of friction: (1) theresistance opposing the force required to start to move onesurface over another, and (2) the resistance opposing theforce required to move one surf
26、ace over another at avariable, fixed, or predetermined speed. F489heel, na solid part of a shoe or boot projecting downwardand attached to or forming the back part of the sole under theheel of the foot.heel breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.heel seat, nthe part of a shoe to which the
27、 heel is attached.hosiery, nany covering of the foot not intended for groundcontact during ambulation, such as socks, stockings, etc.insole, nthat part of the shoe which is between the foot andthe outsole, and to which the upper is fastened duringmanufacture. It may or may not be covered on the foot
28、 sideby an aesthetic material referred to as a socklining. F694ipsilateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on the same sideof the body.mudguard, na strip of material applied to a shoe upper justabove the sole intended as a protection against dampness oras an ornament.outsole, nthe bottom sole of t
29、he shoe, the surface of whichis exposed to wear. F694paired t-test, na test of statistical significance based on theuse of students t-distribution and used to compare twosample means. F2508pedestrian, na person using legs or leg surrogates (forexample, prosthetic limbs, crutches, etc.) as the princi
30、palmechanism for locomotion.planar, adjflat. F1637pricker points, nin testing footwear, a modification of thefoot form in which needle points of steel18 in. (3.2 mm)long are used to prevent vertical movement of the testspecimen. F694quarter, none side of the upper of a shoe or boot from heelto vamp.
31、ramp, na walkway surface that has a slope steeper than 1:20(5 %). F1637reference surfaces (RSs), nspecified materials, identified inSection 7 of Practice F2508, that have experimentallydemonstrated slip properties for a select population ofpedestrians and serve as references for walkway tribometerme
32、asurements. F2508shank, nthe steel or wood piece inserted in the arch of theshoe for reinforcement. F694shankboard, nthe back part of the insole which is fabricatedfrom a firm fibreboard. It is contoured to the arch of the footfor support. F694SIC, nStandard Industrial Classification, as referenced
33、inStandard Industrial Classification, Office of Statistical Stan-dards, Executive Office of the President, Office of Manage-ment and Budget, U.S. Department of Commerce. F1694sidewalk, na paved surface, such as concrete or asphalt,usually parallel and adjacent to streets. F1637slip, na term denoting
34、 lubricity of two surfaces sliding incontact with each other. In a sense, it is the antithesis offriction in that high coefficient of friction denotes low slipand low coefficient of friction high slip. F489slip resistance, nthe relative force that resists the tendencyof the shoe or foot to slide alo
35、ng the walkway surface. Slipresistance is related to a combination of factors including theF1646 122walkway surface, the footwear bottom, and the presence offoreign materials between them.DISCUSSIONSlip resistance is dependent upon many factors, such asmaterial and condition of the walkway surface,
36、material and conditionof the shoe sole or heel material, the physical abilities of the user, theattempted or proposed activities of the user, the presence of anycontaminants on any or both of the surfaces, and other factors.F1637slip resistant, nthe provision of adequate slip resistance toreduce the
37、 likelihood of slip for pedestrians using reasonablecare on the walking surface under expected use conditions.F1637static slip resistance, nthe force required to cause one bodyin contact with another to begin to move. This force isgenerally proportional to the perpendicular force betweenthe surfaces
38、; the ratio of the former to the latter is called thecoefficient of friction. The ratio (with the decimal pointmoved one place to the right) is used to designate slip indexas measured by the Horizontal Pull Slipmeter. F609supplier, nany individual, agent, company, manufacturer, ororganization respon
39、sible for the walkway tribometer prior toreceipt by the user. F2508surface characteristics, na set of terms considered to be theminimum needed to precisely describe the condition of asurface especially regarding slip resistance (material, con-tamination, slope, texture, hardness, coating, temperatur
40、e).test foot, nshoe bottom material or surrogate mounted on thewalkway tribometer that comes into contact with the surfacebeing tested. F2508top lift, nthe top or outer layer or wearing surface of leather,rubber, plastic, or composition on the heel of a shoe. F694upper, nthe parts of a shoe or boot
41、that are above the sole.validation, nthe set of operations that establishes, underspecified conditions, the proper ranking and differentiationof reference surfaces by a walkway tribometer. F2508walkway, nwalking surfaces constructed for pedestrian us-age including floors, ramps, walks, sidewalks, st
42、air treads,parking lots and similar paved areas that may be reasonablyforeseeable as pedestrian paths. Natural surfaces such asfields, playing fields, paths, walks, or footpaths, or a com-bination thereof, are not included. F1637walkway surface, na structure intended to be used by aperson attempting
43、 to walk.walkway surface hardware, nincludes manhole covers,cellar doors used as walking surfaces, junction box covers,cleanout covers, hatches, sidewalk elevator covers, sewergrates, utility covers, and similar elements that pedestrianscan reasonably be expected to walk on. F16374. AcronymsCOFcoeff
44、icient of frictionDCOFdynamic coefficient of frictionSCOFstatic coefficient of frictionThis standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for
45、 revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing
46、 you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1646 123
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