1、Designation: F1686 091F1686 16Standard Guide forSurveys to Document and Assess Oiling Conditions onShorelines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1686; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEReferenced Documents were editorially corrected in January 2011.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers field procedures by which data m
3、aycan be collected in a systematic manner to document and assess theoiling conditions on shorelines.shorelines, river banks, and lake shores (shores and substrates) plus dry land habitats (terrain).1.2 This guide does not address the terminology that is used to define and describe shorelineterrain o
4、iling conditions, theecological character of oiled shorelines,terrain, or the cultural or other resources that maycan be present.1.3 The guide is applicable to marine coasts (including estuaries) and may also be used in to freshwater environments (riversand lakes).lakes) and to dry land habitats. In
5、 alignment with Guide F2204:1.3.1 For the purpose of this guide, marine and estuarine shorelines, river banks, and lake shores will be collectively referredto as shorelines, shores, or shore-zones.1.3.2 Shore types include a range of impermeable (bedrock, ice, and manmade structures), permeable (fla
6、ts, beaches, andmanmade), and coastal wetland (marshes, mangroves) habitats.1.4 Other non-shoreline, inland habitats include wetlands (pond, fen, bog, swamp, tundra, and shrub) and drier terrains(grassland, desert, forests), and will be collectively referred to as either wetlands or terrains, respec
7、tively.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with
8、 its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1687 Guide for Terminology and Indices to Describe Oiling Conditions o
9、n ShorelinesF1779 Practice for Reporting Visual Observations of Oil on WaterF2204 Guide for Describing Shoreline and Inland Response Techniques3. Significance and Use3.1 Systematic surveys provide data on shoreline shoreline, lakeshore, river bank or other terrains character and oilingconditions fro
10、m which informed planning and operational decisions maycan be developed with respect to shoreline cleanup(1-34).3 In particular, the data are used by decision makers to determine which oiled areas require treatment and to developend-point criteria for use as targets for the field operations.3.2 Surv
11、eys may include one or more of three components, listed below. The scale of the affected area and the availability ofpre-spill information will influence the selection of survey components and the level of detail.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances an
12、d Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.17on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009Jan. 1, 2016. Published October 2009February 2016. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 asF1686 97F1686 091(2003) DOI: 10.15
13、20/F1686-09.10.1520/F1686-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The boldface numbers in parent
14、heses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict al
15、l changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
16、59. United States13.2 The aerial reconnaissance survey provides a perspective on the overall extent and general nature of the shoreline oilingconditions. This information is used in conjunction with environmental, resource, and cultural sensitivity data to guide shorelineprotection, recovery of mobi
17、le oil, and to facilitate the more detailed response planning and priorities of the responseoperations.Surveys may include one or more of four components or phases, as listed below. The scale of an affected area plusquantity and availability of pre-spill information will influence the selection of s
18、urvey components and its level of detail.3.2.1 The aerial reconnaissance survey phase provides a perspective on the overall extent and general nature of the oilingconditions. This information is used in conjunction with environmental, resource, and cultural sensitivity data to guide shorelineprotect
19、ion, recovery of mobile oil, and to facilitate the more detailed response planning and priorities of the response operations.3.2.2 The aerial video survey(s) phase provides systematic audio and video documentation of the extent and type of oilingconditions, physical character, and logistics informat
20、ion, such as access and staging data.3.2.3 The ground assessment survey(s) phase provides the necessary information and data to develop appropriate responserecommendations. A field team(s) collects detailed information on oil conditions, the physical and ecological character of oiledareas, and resou
21、rces or cultural features that may affect or be affected by the timing or implementation of response activities.3.2.4 The post-treatment inspection ground survey or monitoring phase provides the necessary information and data to ensurea segment, that is part of the response program, has been treated
22、 to the approved end-point criterion. (5)3.4 The aerial video survey(s) provide systematic audio and video documentation of the extent and type of shoreline oilingconditions, physical shoreline character, and potential access restrictions.3.5 The ground assessment survey(s) provide the necessary inf
23、ormation and data to develop appropriate shoreline responserecommendations. A field team(s) collects detailed information on shoreline oil conditions, the physical and ecological characterof oiled shorelines, and resources or cultural features that may affect or be affected by the timing or implemen
24、tation of responseactivities.3.3 In order to ensure data consistency, it is important to use standardized terminology and definitions in describing oilingconditions, as provided in Guide F1687. This terminology is described in more detail in guidelines on Best Practices and checklistsfor the impleme
25、ntation of a survey program (1-4).4. General Considerations4.1 The specific survey procedures and the magnitude of the data sets collected will vary with the scale of the spill (the lengthand distribution of oiled shorelineterrain and quantity of oil), the nature or complexity of the shoreline,terra
26、in, and the needs ofthe response organization (1).4.2 Following a spill, in which only a few kilometers of coast and other terrain have been oiled, one ground survey team maybe able to could accomplish all of the goals in an appropriate time frame.4.3 As the scale of the affectedan oiled area increa
27、ses, it maycould be necessary to conduct an aerial video survey that is survey,followed by a ground assessment using one or more survey teams.4.4 Following spills that affectwhich oil long sections of coast or other terrain (for example, more than 100 km), thea sequenceof an initial aerial reconnais
28、sance, an aerial video survey, and ground assessment surveys may be necessary to satisfy provideappropriately-phased information to satisfy response planning and operational requirements in a timely manner.4.5 Each of the three stages four survey phases requires a separate survey design, the assignm
29、ent of duties to personnel, logisticsplanning, and the establishment of survey and documentation procedures. An Oiling Assessment Survey (OAS) Plan whichdescribes the work plan for this phased approach, and defines Best Management Practices, appropriate treatment methods, and thetreatment end-point
30、criteria should be developed, reviewed and approved as early as possible in the response. (4)4.6 All surveys are field surveys in areas influenced by tides should be conducted during the lowest one-quarter to one-third ofthe tidal cycle to ensure maximum (viewing) exposure of the intertidal zone.5.
31、Segmentation5.1 The coast shore, substrate or terrain to be surveyed is divided into working units, called either segments, within which theshorelineterrains character is relatively homogeneous in terms of physical features and sediment type.type or called polygons, forwater features. (1)5.2 Each se
32、gment is assigned a unique location identifier (for example, an alpha-numeric code).5.3 Segment boundaries can be either set using prominent geological features (headlands, streams, etc.), changes inshore/substrate types, or, more importantly, alongshore shore/substrate/soil types, jurisdictional or
33、 ownership boundaries, fencing,windrows, roadways or changes in oil conditions.5.4 Segment lengths are to be short enough to obtainyield adequate resolution and detail on the distribution of the oil forresponse planning and operational decisions. Most segments of oiled shorelines would be in the ran
34、ge of 0.2 to 2.0 km.km inlength.F1686 1625.5 If segments already exist as part of a pre-spill planning exercise or sensitivity mapping database, then segment boundariesmaymight need to be adapted, segments subdivided, or the segment codes revised, or some combination thereof, to reflect theoiling co
35、nditions created by from a spill.6. Aerial Reconnaissance Survey(s)6.1 An initial aerial survey(s) is conducted along coastlines coastlines, banks, shores, or other terrain within the spill path. Theobjective is to determine which shorelineslocations have been oiled, in order oiled to provide an ove
36、rall perspective and scale withof the spill event and from which to plan for a more systematic documentation or assessment survey.6.2 This Findings from this survey can be augmented with information from a high-altitude surveillance and tracking program.In some cases this survey can be combined with
37、 other aerial reconnaissance activities being conducted to locate and visuallyobserve oil on water (Practice F1779).6.3 Fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft fly the spill path at slow-speeds and at altitudes in the range of 75 to 150 m. Repeatsurveys could be beneficial for spill circumstances when sl
38、ick movement continues to oil new segments.6.4 Fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft fly the coast at slow-speed flight at altitudes in the range of 75 to 150 m. Helicopters arepreferred over fixed-wing aircraft, as they permit allow easier landings to confirm observations made from the air. Amongfixed
39、-wing aircraft, those with the wing wings mounted above the fuselage (high-wing aircraft) are essential to allow the requiredvisibility of shorelineterrain features.6.5 If possible, the survey team willshould consist of an oil observer and a navigator/recorder. The observer should be anoil-spill oil
40、 spill specialist familiar with oil on shorelines and shorelines, coasts, banks, and other terrain and able to distinguishbetween natural materials (stranded on water and shores versus oil (for example, stranded kelp, black lichen, heavy mineral bands,etc.) and oil. The distinguish various liquids o
41、n dry terrain features versus oil (rainwater, dark soils, exposed peat). The oil observeroperates the video camera and provides a continuous audio commentary. The navigator logs the flight lines, locates a section ofshoreline segments being observed on maps or charts, and records oil observations.6.
42、6 Records of observations maycan be made on maps and notebooks. Video and still photography can also be used to add avisual record of examples of the oiling conditions and terrain or shoreline character for immediate use by response planners anddecision makers.6.7 An aerial Aerial reconnaissance is
43、generally not requiredneeded where the presence of oil on the shore has been definedclearly from other sourcesmeans or where the affected coastlineterrain is short enough in length that an aerial video survey canbe completed in one-half day or for tidally influenced areas, during one low-tide cycle.
44、7. Aerial Video and Mapping Survey(s)7.1 The aerial video recording and mapping survey(s) are conducted on coasts where there is known or expectedpotential oiling.The survey is used to provide detailed and systematic documentation on the extent and type of shoreline oiling and other shorelineconditi
45、ons.7.2 Small high-wing or rotary-wing aircraft fly the coast at very slow speeds at altitudes in the range of 25 to 75 m.7.3 The primary survey team consists of an oil observer and a navigator. The navigator records and maps relevant flightinformation. The oil observer operates the video camera and
46、 provides a continuous audio commentary, for which the color videoimage provides a visual image frame of reference. In some cases, a video technician maymight be desirable for the operation andquality control of the audio and video recordings.recordings7.4 The oil observer/videographer is an oil-spi
47、ll specialist, who can identify the shoreline substrate and form and distinguishbetween natural shoreline materials and stranded oil. Duties of the oil observer are as follows:7.4.1 To identify or create segment boundaries and verbally describe their location on one of the audio channels. Thesedescr
48、iptions are also recorded by the navigator on a set of digital or hard-copy flight-line maps or charts by the navigator.charts.7.4.2 To video the shore zone continuously through an open aircraft door or window continuously, with the camera angled down(30 to 45) and slightly ahead of the aircraft (15
49、 to 30)30), so that the area being described comes into focus and is in the visualforeground during the commentary. Video resolution is best when a flight line has the sun is behind the aircraft.7.4.3 To provide a continuous descriptive commentary on the shoreline oiling conditions, including the (1(1) length and widthof the oiled areas and the oil distribution (percent surface oil cover), (2(2) physical shore-zone physical substrate or terraincharacter, and (3(3) other pertinent features such as access locations or constraints.7.5 Video recording equipment requires
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