1、Designation: F1687 09Standard Guide forTerminology and Indices to Describe Oiling Conditions onShorelines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the standardized terminology andtypes of observational data and indices appropriate to describethe quantit
3、y, nature, and distribution of oil and physical oilingconditions on shorelines that have been contaminated by an oilspill.1.2 This guide does not address the mechanisms and fieldprocedures by which the necessary data are gathered; nor doesit address terminology used to describe the cultural resource
4、 orecological character of oiled shorelines, spill monitoring, orcleanup techniques.1.3 This guide applies to marine shorelines (includingestuaries) and may also be used in freshwater environments(rivers and lakes).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of me
5、asurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory l
6、imitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess OilingConditions on Shorelines3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 asphalt pavementa naturally formed cohesive mix-ture of weathered oil and sediments. Sediments in the mixtureare usually
7、 in the sand/granule/pebble size range. In appear-ance, natural asphalt pavement may resemble the mixtureartificially created to surface roads.3.1.2 shore zonesthe land-water interface is typicallysubdivided into across-shore zones as follows:Tidal EnvironmentsLower Intertidal Zonethe lower approxim
8、ate one-third of the intertidal zoneMid Intertidal Zonethe middle approximate one-third of the intertidal zoneUpper Intertidal Zonethe upper approximate one-third of the intertidal zoneSupra-Tidal Zonethe area above the mean high tide that occasionallyexperiences wave activity; also known as the spl
9、ash zoneNon-Tidal and Lake EnvironmentsLower Swash Zonethe area between the mean annual water level and thelowest annual water level, the lower approximate one-half of the zone ofwave activityUpper Swash Zonethe area between the highest annual water level and themean annual water level; the upper ap
10、proximate one-half of the zone ofwave activitySupra-Swash Zonethe area above the highest annual water level thatoccasionally experiences wave activity, for example, during a surge ora storm eventRiver EnvironmentsLower Bankexposed only during low flow conditionsMidstreamareas exposed in a channel th
11、at are separated from the river bankUpper Bankunder water only during bank-full river stageOverbankflood plain-inundated only by over-bank flow duringflood conditions3.1.3 weathered oilthe oil that has had an alteration ofphysical or chemical properties, or both, through naturalprocesses such as eva
12、poration, dissolution, oxidation, emulsi-fication, and biodegradation.4. Significance and Use4.1 In order to ensure data consistency, it is important to usestandardized terminology and definitions in describing oilingconditions.3This guide provides a template for that purpose.4.2 Data on oiling cond
13、itions at a shoreline are needed toprovide an accurate perspective of the nature and scale of theoiling problem and to facilitate spill-response planning anddecision making. Data on oiling conditions would be used in1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances a
14、nd Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.17 on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1687 97(2003).DOI: 10.1520/F1687-09.2For referenced ASTM sta
15、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Owens, E. H. and Sergy, G. A., The SCAT Manual: A Field Guide to theDocumentation an
16、d Description of Oiled Shorelines, Second Edition, EnvironmentCanada, Edmonton, AB, 2000.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.assessing the need for cleanup actions, selecting the mostappropriate response technique(s), det
17、ermining priorities forcleanup, and evaluating the endpoint of cleanup activities.4, 54.3 Mechanisms by which data are collected may vary (seeGuide F1686). They may include aerial video surveys orground-level assessment surveys. The composition and respon-sibility of the survey team will depend on t
18、he responseorganization and objectives. The magnitude and type of datasets collected may likewise vary with the nature of the spill andoperational needs.4.4 Consistent data sets (observations and measurements)on shoreline oiling conditions are essential within any one spillin order to compare the da
19、ta between different sites orobservers, and to compare the data against existing bench-marks or criteria that have been developed to rate the nature orseverity of the oiling. To the extent possible, consistency is alsodesirable between different spills, in order to benefit fromprevious experiences a
20、nd cleanup decisions.4.5 It is recognized that some modifications may be appro-priate based on local or regional geographic conditions or uponthe specific character of the stranded oil.5. General Considerations5.1 Shoreline conditions can be described in terms of thelength, width, depth, distributio
21、n, quantity, and character of oilcontamination. These six different types of data are collectedby direct measurement or direct visual estimates calibratedagainst existing scales or indices. Standard definitions anddescriptors of these data have been developed (Sections 6 and7). Second-order applicat
22、ions of the basic data are further usedto aid response planning (Sections 8 and 9).5.2 Descriptions of shoreline oiling conditions are typicallyreferenced to the lateral (seaward to landward) shorelinezonation. The location of the stranded oil within the intertidalzone affects operational access tim
23、e and oil persistence.5.2.1 Tidal zonation is described in terms of the supra-tidal,upper/mid/lower intertidal, and sub-tidal zones.5.2.2 Non-tidal shoreline zonation is described in terms ofthe supra/upper/lower swash zone for lacustrine (lake) envi-ronments and the over/upper/lower bank or midstre
24、am forriverine (river) environments.5.3 Oil persistence and the choice of cleanup options will bedifferent for subsurface oil as opposed to surface oil. Descrip-tions of shoreline oiling conditions should distinguish betweenthe oiling of surface sediments from that on the subsurfacesediments (vertic
25、al zonation). On coarse sediment beaches, itcan be difficult to differentiate the vertical boundaries. Fig. 1illustrates an approach for discriminating those boundaries.5.4 For beaches with fine sediments (that is, pebble, gran-ule, sand, and mud), the subsurface begins at 5 cm below thesurface. If
26、a pit were to reveal oiling in sand from the surfacedown to 20 cm, the upper 5 cm would be classified as surfaceoil and the remainder as subsurface. However, the oiledinterval would still be shown as 0 to 20 cm.5.5 For beaches with coarse sediments (that is, cobble andboulder), the subsurface begins
27、 at the bottom of the surfacematerial (that is, where the top layer of cobbles or boulderscontact the underlying layer of sediments).5.6 Where asphalt pavement exists on the surface, thesubsurface begins at the bottom of the pavement.5.7 Definitions of the inorganic sediments based on size areas fol
28、lows:Boulder (256-mm diameter)Cobble (64 to 256-mm diameter)Pebble (4 to 64-mm diameter)Granule (2 to 4-mm diameter)Sand (0.06 to 2-mm diameter)Mud/silt/clay (6 mMedium 3 to #6mNarrow 0.5 to #3mVery narrow #0.5 m6.2.3.2 Areas of micro-tidal (for example, Great Lakes) ormacro-tidal (for example, Bay
29、of Fundy or Cook Inlet)exposure will require an adjustment based on the width of theshoreline.6.3 Oil DistributionThis refers to the percentage of theshoreline surface sediments that are covered with oil, within afixed area.6.3.1 In the event of multiple bands, distribution refers tothe estimated pe
30、rcentage that best represents the collectivearea.6.3.2 Distribution should be described by the percentagevalue that was observed.4Owens, E. H. and Sergy, G.A., A Shoreline Response Decision-MakingProcess, Proceedings, International Oil Spill Conference, American PetroleumInstitute, Washington, DC, 2
31、008, pp. 443449.5Sergy, G. A., and Owens, E. H., Selection and Use of Shoreline TreatmentEndpoints for Oil Spill Response, Proceedings, International Oil Spill Conference,American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 2008, pp. 847854.F1687 0926.3.3 Where a descriptive expression is required, or for
32、thepurpose of aggregation of the actual value, use the classifica-tion of the following:Trace 1-cm thick.6.4.1.2 Cover (CV), 0.1 cm and #1-cm thick.6.4.1.3 Coat (CT), 0.01 cm and #0.1-cm thick coating.This can be scratched off on coarse sediments or bedrock.6.4.1.4 Stain (ST), #0.01-cm thick. An oil
33、 residue discol-oration on the sediment surface. It cannot be scratched offeasily on coarse sediments or bedrock.6.4.1.5 Film (FL), transparent or translucent thin layer orsheen.6.4.2 The oil concentration can be determined by chemicalanalytical methods and is expressed as the weight of oil toweight
34、 of surface sediment.6.5 Oil CharacterThis refers to the properties or form ofthe oil residue on the shoreline.6.5.1 Qualitative descriptors of oil character may be devel-oped to suit the circumstances of the spill. Typical descriptorsare as follows:6.5.1.1 Freshlike (FR), having a black, shiny, flu
35、id, non-oxidized appearance.6.5.1.2 Tarry (TC), having a tacky, tar-like, often weathered,semi-solid consistency.6.5.1.3 Surface Oil Residue (SR), consisting of non-cohesive oiled, surface sediments, either as continuous patchesor in coarse-sediment interstices.FIG. 1 Subsurface Boundaries for Vario
36、us Beach Types3F1687 0936.5.1.4 Mousse (MS), emulsified oil (oil and water mixture)existing as patches or accumulations, or within interstitialspaces.6.5.1.5 Tar Balls or Mousse Patties (TB), discrete balls orpatties on a beach or adhered to rock or coarse-sedimentshoreline. Tar ball diameters are g
37、enerally 6 cmMedium,3to6mNarrow,0.5to3mVery Narrow,1 cm heavy heavy moderate lightCover, 0.1 to 1.0 cm heavy heavy moderate lightCoat, 0.01 to 0.1 cm moderate moderate light very lightStain/film, 0.01 cm light light very light very lightF1687 0949.4 Descriptors of the degree of oiling are very light
38、, light,moderate, and heavy. The indices are used to produce a ratingof a described location. Typically, the rating category iscombined with alongshore length; for example, Segment AB-1has 20 m of heavy surface oiling.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights
39、asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any tim
40、e by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will r
41、eceive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM I
42、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F1687 095
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