1、Designation: F1720 06 (Reapproved 2011)F1720 14 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using aHeated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofor
2、iginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSleeping bags are used by people in outdoor environments to i
3、nsulate them from the cold (that is,reduce their body heat loss to the environment). Sleeping bags often are used with ground pads andclothing inside tents that provide additional protection from the environment. The amount ofinsulation needed in a sleeping bag depends upon the air temperature and a
4、 number of otherenvironmental factors (for example, wind speed, radiant temperature, moisture in the air), humanfactors (for example, a persons metabolic heat production that is affected by gender, age, fitness level,body type, size, position, and movement), and physical factors (for example, amount
5、 of body coverageand the quality of the insulating materials). The insulation value, expressed in clo units, can be usedto characterize sleeping bags and sleeping bag systems. Insulation values can be used in body heat lossmodels to predict the temperature ratings for comfort.1. Scope1.1 This test m
6、ethod covers determination of the insulation value of a sleeping bag or sleeping bag system. It measures theresistance to dry heat transfer from a constant skin temperature manikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static test thatgenerates reproducible results, but the manikin cannot simu
7、late real life sleeping conditions relating to some human andenvironmental factors, examples of which are listed in the introduction.1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleeping bag, bag or sleeping bag system, as tested, and for the specifiedthermal and environmental conditions of
8、each test, particularly with respect to air movement past the manikin.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
9、 applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 13537 2002 Requirements for Sleeping BagsISO 15831 2004 ClothingPhysiological EffectsMeasure
10、ment of Thermal Insulation by Means of a Thermal Manikin3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 auxiliary products, nitems used with a sleeping bag to create a sleeping bag system such as clothing, ground pad, andbivy sack.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equi
11、pment Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.22 on Camping Softgoods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2014. Published February 2012November 2014. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20062011as F1720 06.F1
12、720 06 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/F1720-06R11.10.1520/F1720-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Av
13、ailable from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be techn
14、ically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
15、ox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 clo, nunit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to 0.155Cm2/W.3.1.2.1 DiscussionA heavy mens business suit provides 1 clo of insulation.3.1.3 dry heat loss, nheat transferred from the body surface to a cooler environment by means of
16、conduction, convection, andradiation.3.1.4 manikin, na life-size model of the human body with a surface temperature similar to that of a human being.3.1.5 sleeping bag, na structure made of down, synthetic fiberfill, shell fabrics, or other materials, or a combination thereof,that is designed for pe
17、ople to use for thermal protection when sleeping (for example, outdoors, tent, cabin).3.1.6 sleeping bag system, nsleeping bag used with auxiliary products such as clothing, ground pad, and bivy sack.3.1.7 thermal insulation, nresistance to dry heat transfer by way of conduction, convection, and rad
18、iation.3.1.8 total insulation (IT), nthe resistance to dry heat loss from the manikin that includes the resistance provided by thesleeping bag, auxiliary products (if used) and the air layer around the manikin.3.1.8.1 DiscussionTotal insulation values (IT) are measured directly with a manikin. They
19、can be used to compare different sleeping bags, as longas each test is conducted using the same experimental procedures and test conditions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A heated manikin is placed inside a sleeping bag or sleeping bag system in a cold environmental chamber.4.2 The power needed to mai
20、ntain a constant body temperature is measured.4.3 The total thermal insulation of the sleeping bag or sleeping bag system (including the resistance of the external air layer)is calculated based on the skin temperature and surface area of the manikin, the air temperature, and the power level.5. Signi
21、ficance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the insulation provided by sleeping bags or sleeping bag systems.It can be used for material and design evaluations.5.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing (see Test Method F1291) and sleeping bags is complex
22、anddependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient tocover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method may lead to significantly different test results.Technical knowledge concerning the th
23、eory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion measurement, and testing practices isneeded to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the methodreduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any departu
24、res should be reported with the results.6. Apparatus6.1 Manikin4Use a supine manikin that is formed in the shape and size of an adult male or female and is capable of beingheated to a constant temperature of 32 to 34C.average surface temperature of 35C. The manikins height should be between 1.5and 1
25、.9 m with a surface area between 1.5 and 2.1 m2.6.1.1 Size and ShapeConstruct the manikin to simulate the body of a human being, that is, construct a head, chest/back,abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shall be 180 6 10 cm. Anydepartur
26、es from this description should be reported.6.1.2 Surface TemperatureConstruct the manikin so as to maintain a constant temperature distribution over the entire nudebody surface with no local hot or cold spots. Ensure that the mean skin temperature of the manikin is 32 to 34C. It is recommendedthat
27、the average temperature of the hands and feet be lower (26 to 29C). 35C. Do not allow local deviations from the mean skintemperature to exceed 63C, except in the extremities. 60.3C. Evaluate temperature uniformity of the nude manikin at least onceannually using an infrared thermal imaging system, a
28、surface (contact) temperature probe, or equivalent method. This procedurealso should be repeated after repairs or alterations are completed that could affect temperature uniformity, for example, replacinga heating element.6.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsMeasure the power to the manikin so as to give
29、an accurate average over the period of atest. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used for power control, then devices that are capable of averaging over the4 Information on laboratories with heated manikins can be obtained from the Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas State Univ
30、ersity, Manhattan, KS 66506.F1720 142control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-hour metres) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt metres). Overallaccuracy of the power monitoring equipment must be within 62 % of the reading for the average power for the test period. Sincethere a
31、re a variety of devices and techniques used for power measurement, do this standard does not provide specific calibrationprocedures. Develop and document an appropriate power calibration procedure.6.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins Skin TemperatureThe mean skin temperature may be measured with
32、 point sensorsor distributed temperature sensors.6.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors may be thermocouples, resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equivalentsensors. Ensure that they are no more than 3-mm thick and are well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to the manikinssurface.
33、 Bond lead wires to the surface or pass through the interior of the manikin, or both. Distribute the sensors so that each onerepresents the same surface area or area-weight each sensor temperature when calculating the mean skin temperature for the body.A minimum of 1511 point sensors are required. I
34、t is recommended that a sensor be placed on the head, chest, back, abdomen,buttocks, and both the right and left upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot.arms, legs, hands, and feet.6.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors are used (for example, resistance wire), then the sensors mus
35、t be distributedover the surface so that all areas are equally weighted. If several such sensors are used to measure the temperature of different partsof the body, then their respective temperatures should be area-weighted when calculating the mean skin temperature. Distributedsensors must be small
36、in diameter (that is, less than 1 mm) and firmly bonded to the manikin surface at all points.6.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberPlace the manikin in a chamber at least 3 by 2 by 2.6 m in dimension that can provideuniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.6.4.1 Spatial VariationsDo not excee
37、d the following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity 65 %, and air velocity650 % of the mean value. In addition, the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0C different from the mean airtemperature. Verify the spatial uniformity at least annually or after any significant modification
38、s are made to the chamber. Verifyspatial uniformity by recording values for the conditions stated above at 0.6 m (the midline elevation of the manikin on the cot)and 1.1 m above the floor at the location occupied by the manikin. Use sensing devices specified below when measuring theenvironmental con
39、ditions.6.4.2 Temporal VariationsDo not exceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radiant temperature 60.5C, relativehumidity 65 %, and air velocity 620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 min (see 6.4.5).6.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAny humidity sensing device with an
40、 accuracy of 65 % relative humidity anda repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (for example, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only one location needs to bemonitored during a test to ensure that the temporal uniformity requirements are met.6.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperature
41、sensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple, thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceeding 1 min.The sensor(s) shall be located at the midline elevation of the manikin (0.6 m from the floor), at least 0.4 m from
42、 the manikin. Asingle sensor may be used, but multiple sensors are preferred. If a single sensor is used, it shall be located midway between thehead and the feet. If multiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced equally from the head to the feet and their readings averaged.6.4.5 Air Velocity Indic
43、atorUse an omnidirectional anemometer with 60.05 m/s accuracy.Average measurements for at least1 min at each location. If it is demonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by more than 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessaryto monitor air velocity during a test. The value of the mean air velocit
44、y must be reported, however. If air velocity is monitored,then measurement location requirements are the same as for temperature.7. Sampling7.1 It is desirable to test three identical sleeping bags so that sample variability will be reflected in the test results. Samplevariance generally is larger f
45、or sleeping bags as compared with clothing. If only one sample is available, which is often the casewith prototypes, replicate measurements can be made on one sleeping bag.8. Preparation of Sleeping Bags8.1 The sleeping bag should be the appropriate size for the manikin with respect to its width and
46、 length. A bag that fits tightlyand causes compression in the head, feet, or hip areas may have a lower insulation value than one that does not cause compression.8.2 Bags normally should not be laundered or dry cleaned prior to testing because the procedures may affect the results.8.3 If auxiliary p
47、roducts are used, the correct size should be selected for the manikin.9. Test Procedure9.1 Environmental Test ConditionsThe standard conditions for all tests are given as follows.9.1.1 Air TemperatureThe air temperature shall be at least 25C lower than the manikins mean temperature during a test.9.1
48、.2 Air VelocityUse a fan to produce an air velocity of 0.3 6 0.05 m/s. Position the bag and manikin so that the directionof the air flow is from the head to the feet.9.1.3 Relative HumidityMaintain the relative humidity at a constant level 65 % between 30 and 70 % relative humidity forall tests cond
49、ucted in a series.between 40 and 80 % for all tests.F1720 1439.2 Mean Skin Temperature of ManikinSelect an average temperature between 32 and 34C and maintain it within 60.3Cfor all tests conducted in a series. Do not allow the mean skin temperature to drift more than 60.1C during a 30-min test.Themanikins mean surface temperature shall be 35 6 0.3C for all tests.9.3 OptionsSelect one of the following procedures.9.3.1 Option 1: Sleeping Bag TestPlace the sleeping bag on the nude manikin on a cot in the environmental cha
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