1、Designation: F1720 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using aHeated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSleeping bags are used by people in outdoor environments to insulate them from the cold
3、 (that is,reduce their body heat loss to the environment). Sleeping bags often are used with ground pads andclothing inside tents that provide additional protection from the environment. The amount ofinsulation needed in a sleeping bag depends upon the air temperature and a number of otherenvironmen
4、tal factors (for example, wind speed, radiant temperature, moisture in the air), humanfactors (for example, a persons metabolic heat production that is affected by gender, age, fitness level,body type, size, position, and movement), and physical factors (for example, amount of body coverageand the q
5、uality of the insulating materials). The insulation value, expressed in clo units, can be usedto characterize sleeping bags and sleeping bag systems. Insulation values for sleeping bag systems canbe used in body heat loss models to predict the temperature ratings for comfort.1. Scope1.1 This test me
6、thod covers determination of the insulationvalue of a sleeping bag or sleeping bag system. It measures theresistance to dry heat transfer from a constant skin temperaturemanikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static testthat generates reproducible results, but the manikin cannotsimulate
7、 real life sleeping conditions relating to some humanand environmental factors, examples of which are listed in theintroduction.1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleep-ing bag or sleeping bag system, as tested, and for the specifiedthermal and environmental conditions of each test
8、, particularlywith respect to air movement past the manikin.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-m
9、ine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendation
10、s issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation ofClothing Using a Heated Manikin2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 15831 2004 ClothingPhysiological EffectsMeasurement of Thermal
11、 Insulation by Means of a Ther-mal ManikinISO 23537-1 2016 Requirements for Sleeping Bags Part 1:Thermal and Dimensional Requirements3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 auxiliary products, nitems used with a sleeping bagto create a sleeping bag system such as clothing, camp pillow,ground pad, and bi
12、vy sack.3.1.2 clo, nunit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to0.155Cm2/W.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe value of 1 clo was selected asroughly the insulation value of a heavy mens business suit,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Fa
13、cilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.22 on Camping Softgoods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F1720 14. DOI:10.1520/F1720-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM w
14、ebsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.Co
15、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Interna
16、tional Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1which should keep a resting man (producing heat at the rate of58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, air move-ment 0.1 m/s.3.1.3 dry heat loss, nheat transferred f
17、rom the bodysurface to a cooler environment by means of conduction,convection, and radiation.3.1.4 manikin, na life-size model of the human body witha surface temperature similar to that of a human being.3.1.5 sleeping bag, na structure made of down, syntheticfiberfill, shell fabrics, or other mater
18、ials, or a combinationthereof, that is designed for people to use for thermal protec-tion when sleeping (for example, outdoors, tent, cabin).3.1.6 sleeping bag system, nsleeping bag used with aux-iliary products such as clothing, ground pad, and bivy sack.3.1.7 thermal insulation, nresistance to dry
19、 heat transferby way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.8 total insulation (IT), nthe resistance to dry heat lossfrom the manikin that includes the resistance provided by thesleeping bag, auxiliary products (if used) and the surface airlayer around the manikin.3.1.8.1 DiscussionTotal insul
20、ation values (IT) are mea-sured directly with a manikin. They can be used to comparedifferent sleeping bags, as long as each test is conducted usingthe same experimental procedures and test conditions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A heated manikin is placed inside a sleeping bag orsleeping bag system
21、 in a cold environmental chamber.4.2 The power needed to maintain a constant body tempera-ture is measured.4.3 The total thermal insulation of the sleeping bag orsleeping bag system (including the resistance of the external airlayer) is calculated based on the skin temperature and surfacearea of the
22、 manikin, the air temperature, and the power level.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe insulation provided by sleeping bags or sleeping bagsystems. It can be used for material and design evaluations.5.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clot
23、hing(see Test Method F1291, ISO 15831) and sleeping bags (ISO23537) is complex and dependent on the apparatus andtechniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scopeto establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. It isfeasible that departures from the instructions in this
24、test methodwill lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowl-edge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature and airmotion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evalu-ate which departures from the instructions given in this testmethod are significant. Standardizat
25、ion of the method reduces,but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge.Any departures need to be reported with the results.6. Apparatus6.1 Manikin4Use a supine manikin that is formed in theshape and size of an adult male or female and is capable ofbeing heated to a constant, average
26、 surface temperature.6.1.1 Size and ShapeConstruct the manikin to simulatethe body of a human being, that is, with a head, chest/back,abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet. Total surfacearea shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shall be 170 6 10 cm.Any departures from this description need to b
27、e reported.6.1.2 Surface TemperatureConstruct the manikin so as tomaintain a constant temperature distribution over the entirenude body surface with no local hot or cold spots. Ensure thatthe mean skin temperature of the manikin is either 34 or 35C.Do not allow local deviations from the mean skin te
28、mperatureto exceed 60.3C. Evaluate temperature uniformity of thenude manikin at least once annually using an infrared thermalimaging system, a surface (contact) temperature probe, orequivalent method. This procedure also needs to be repeatedafter repairs or alterations are completed that could affec
29、ttemperature uniformity, for example, replacing a heating ele-ment.6.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsMeasure the power tothe manikin so as to give an accurate average over the periodof a test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is usedfor power control, then devices that are capable of averag
30、ingover the control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-hour meters) are preferred over instantaneous devices (wattmeters). Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipmentmust be within 62 % of the reading for the average power forthe test period. Since there are a variety of devices an
31、dtechniques used for power measurement, this standard does notprovide specific calibration procedures. Develop and documentan appropriate power calibration procedure.6.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins SkinTemperatureThe mean skin temperature shall be measuredwith point sensors or distributed t
32、emperature sensors.6.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors shall be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-lent sensors. Ensure that they are no more than 2 mm thick andare well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to themanikins surface. Bond lead wires to the surf
33、ace or passthrough the interior of the manikin, or both. Area-weight eachsensor temperature when calculating the mean skin tempera-ture for the body. If point sensors are used, a minimum of 11point sensors are required. At least one sensor shall be placedon the head, chest, back, arms, legs, hands,
34、and feet. Thesesensors must be placed in the same position for each test, andthe placement of the sensors shall be given in the report.6.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are eq
35、uallyweighted. If several such sensors are used to measure thetemperature of different parts of the body, then their respective4Information on laboratories with heated manikins can be obtained from theInstitute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506.F1720 172temperat
36、ures need to be area-weighted when calculating themean surface (skin) temperature. Distributed sensors must beless than 1 mm in diameter and firmly attached to the manikinsurface at all points.6.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberPlace the manikinin a chamber at least 3 by 2 by 2.6 m in dimension tha
37、t canprovide uniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.6.4.1 Spatial VariationsDo not exceed the following: airtemperature 61.0C, relative humidity 65 %, and air velocity650 % of the mean value. In addition, the mean radianttemperature shall not be more than 1.0C different from themean air t
38、emperature. Verify the spatial uniformity at leastannually or after any significant modifications are made to thechamber. Verify spatial uniformity by recording values for theconditions stated above at 0.6 m (the midline elevation of themanikin on the cot) and 1.1 m above the floor at the locationoc
39、cupied by the manikin. Use sensing devices specified belowwhen measuring the environmental conditions.6.4.2 Temporal VariationsDo not exceed the following:air temperature 60.5C, mean radiant temperature 60.5C,relative humidity 65 %, and air velocity 620 % of the meanvalue for data averaged over 5 mi
40、n (see 6.4.5).6.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAny hu-midity sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemp
41、oral uniformity requirements are met.6.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be
42、located at the midlineelevation of the manikin (0.6 m from the floor), at least 0.4 mfrom the manikin. It is acceptable to use a single sensor, butmultiple sensors are preferred. If a single sensor is used, it shallbe located midway between the head and the feet. If multiplesensors are used, they sh
43、all be spaced equally from the head tothe feet and their readings averaged.6.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorUse an omnidirectional an-emometer with 60.05 m/s accuracy. Average the measure-ments for at least 1 min at each location. If it is demonstratedthat velocity does not vary temporally by more than 6
44、0.05 m/s,then it is not necessary to monitor air velocity during a test.Thevalue of the mean air velocity must be reported, however. If airvelocity is monitored, then measurement location requirementsare the same as for temperature.7. Sampling7.1 It is desirable to test three identical sleeping bags
45、 so thatsample variability will be reflected in the test results. Samplevariance generally is larger for sleeping bags as compared withclothing. If only one sample is available, which is often thecase with prototypes, replicate measurements can be made onone sleeping bag.8. Preparation of Sleeping B
46、ags8.1 The sleeping bag shall be the appropriate size for themanikin with respect to its width and length. A bag that fitstightly and causes compression in the head, feet, or hip areasmay have a lower insulation value than one that does not causecompression.8.2 Bags shall be tested prior to launderi
47、ng or dry cleaningbecause it is feasible that the procedures will affect the results.8.3 If auxiliary products are used, select the correct size forthe manikin.9. Test Procedure9.1 Environmental Test ConditionsThe standard condi-tions for all tests are given as follows.9.1.1 Air TemperatureThe air t
48、emperature shall be at least25C lower than the manikins mean surface temperatureduring a test (that is, 10C or lower, see 9.2).9.1.2 Air VelocityUse a fan to produce an air velocity of0.3 6 0.1 m/s. If horizontal air flow is used, position the bagand manikin so that the direction of the air flow is
49、from thehead to the feet.9.1.3 Relative HumidityMaintain the relative humiditybetween 30 and 80 % for all tests.9.2 Mean Skin Temperature of ManikinThe manikinsmean surface temperature shall be either 34 6 0.3C or 35 60.3C for all tests. The mean surface temperature shall not beallowed to drift more than 60.1C during a 30 min test.9.3 OptionsSelect one of the following procedures.9.3.1 Option 1: Sleeping Bag TestPlace the sleeping bagon the nude manikin on a cot in the environmental chamber andmeasure its insulation.9.3.1.1 This
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