1、Designation: F1737/F1737M 10Standard Guide forUse of Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment DuringSpill Response: Boom and Nozzle Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1737/F1737M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers considerations for the maintenance,storage, and use of oil spil
3、l dispersant application systems.1.2 This guide is applicable to spray systems employingbooms and nozzles and not to other systems such as firemonitors or single-point spray systems.1.3 This guide is applicable to systems employed on shipsor boats and helicopters or airplanes.1.4 This guide is one o
4、f five related to dispersant applicationsystems. Guide F1413 covers design, Practice F1460 coverscalibration, Test Method F1738 covers deposition, GuideF1737 covers the use of the systems, and Guide F2465 coversthe design and specification for single-point spray systems.Familiarity with all five sta
5、ndards is recommended.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result i
6、n non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limit
7、ations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1413 Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equip-ment: Boom and Nozzle SystemsF1460 Practice for Calibrating Oil Spill Dispersant Appli-cation Equipment Boom and Nozzle SystemsF1738 Test Method for Determination of Deposition ofAer
8、ially Applied Oil Spill DispersantsF2465 Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equip-ment: Single-point Spray SystemsF2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit ofDispersant Use3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide provides information, procedures, and re-quirements for management and
9、 operation of dispersant sprayapplication equipment (boom and nozzle systems) in oil spillresponse.3.2 This guide provides information on requirements forstorage and maintenance of dispersant spray equipment andassociated materials.3.3 This guide will aid operators in ensuring that a dispers-ant spr
10、ay operation is carried out in an effective manner.4. Background to the Use of Dispersants and SpraySystems4.1 Primary Considerations:4.1.1 Use of dispersants, particularly in a specific area, maybe subject to regulatory approval. Net Environmental BenefitAnalysis is used for dispersant decision-mak
11、ing (GuideF2532). Dispersant response is for use in the early stages of aspill; so, it is strongly recommended that a rapid approvalmechanism, or pre-approval, be part of response planning.4.1.2 Nature of Oil Slick(s) to Be Treated:4.1.2.1 The effectiveness of dispersants is dependent (as-suming pro
12、per application) on two factors; the oil compositionand the sea surface energy. The primary factor is the oilcomposition. Heavier oils, those that contain large amounts ofcomponents such as asphaltenes, disperse poorly, and thosewhich have only a small amount of these disperse more easily.As oil wea
13、thers on the sea surface, its composition changes andit generally becomes less dispersable. Some oils can also formhighly viscous water-in-oil emulsions, known as “chocolatemousse,” particularly in areas of high energy waves. Oncemousse has formed, dispersants may not be effective.4.1.2.2 Viscosity
14、is an indicator of the oil composition, butaffects dispersion by its influence on the amount of dispersantpenetrating into and mixing with the oil. Dispersant can run off1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct respon
15、sibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1713 07. DOI:10.1520/F1737_F1737M-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM C
16、ustomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the surface of highly viscous oi
17、ls or will mix only slowly withthem. Traditionally, oils of a viscosity between 2000 and10 000 mPa were thought to be undispersable. However,viscosity may not be as much a limitation as is composition asnoted above, especially for dispersants which are not quicklylost to the water column. Viscosity
18、may have its largest effecton the time required for mixing with the oil.4.1.2.3 Natural weathering affects the composition and vis-cosity of the oil. Much of the oil evaporated will usuallyconsist of the most dispersable fraction.Also, loss of the lighterfractions by evaporation increases the viscos
19、ity. This combinedeffect may rapidly reduce the dispersability of some spilledoils. Some oils may not be effectively dispersed after only 24h on the surface.4.1.2.4 Surface sea energy can be an important factor indispersant effectiveness. Higher sea energy is needed to dis-perse oil of less favorabl
20、e composition. Very low sea energiesoften result in poor dispersant performance. Very high seas canbe detrimental since they can promote water-in-oil emulsionformation and can cause oil slicks to become discontinuous orsubmerged. Spraying such slicks can result in significantdispersant loss.4.1.3 En
21、vironmental Conditions, Including Wind, Sea State,Visibility, and Temperature of Air and Water It is essential tominimize dispersant loss in aerial application due to wind driftand air turbulence. Large droplets assist in this, but, in addition,the aircraft should be flown as low as safety considera
22、tionsallow. It is also best to fly into the wind while spraying, so asto limit wind drift.5. Equipment Types For Vessels and Aircraft5.1 A boom and nozzle spraying system consists of one ormore pumps, flowmeters, storage tanks, spray booms, andnozzles that are mounted in various configurations depen
23、dingon the platform.5.2 Single-point spray systems are not covered by thisstandard. See Guide F2465.5.3 Dispersant application systems on ships or boats may beportable or permanently installed. Vessels may have built-indispersant storage tanks and on-board pumps for use with thespraying system.5.4 D
24、ispersant application systems on helicopters are mostcommonly slung beneath the aircraft, with remote controlsavailable to the pilot. Some specially configured helicoptershave integral tanks and pumps. Helicopter spraying systemsare available with dispersant capacity of about 400 to 3000 L100 to 800
25、 U.S. gal.5.5 Dispersant application systems on single-engine air-planes have a built-in tank and pump, with the booms attachedto the wings. Dispersant capacity varies with the airplanedesign but is about 400 to 4000 L 100 to 1000 U.S. gal.5.6 Dispersant application systems can also be installed onl
26、arge multi-engine airplanes. These must be designed for eachtype of aircraft, and will include one or more pumps, flowme-ters, dispersant storage tanks, and spray booms with nozzles.The airplane type and payload capability will determine theavailable dispersant capacity from about 4000 to 20 000 L10
27、00 to 5000 U.S. gal.6. Equipment Configuration for Vessels and Aircraft6.1 VesselsDispersant spray systems for boats have beendesigned for many types of craft. Most systems use water-compatible “concentrate” dispersants diluted with seawaterduring application. These dispersants are mixed with seawat
28、erby use of an educator or metering pump to allow for thedispersant to be used at the desired concentration (generally 5to 10 %). Some systems spray dispersants neat (withoutdilution with water) and thus eliminate the need for seawatersuction equipment.6.1.1 Mounting the spray booms as far forward a
29、s possibleis optimal, so that the spray is applied in front of the bow wave,because this wave can push oil out of reach of the spray attypical boat speeds. Nozzles and extensions should bedownward-pointing and stable relative to the boom. Spraybooms with multiple nozzles should be arranged to produc
30、eflat, fan-shaped spray patterns, striking the water (oil) surfacein a line perpendicular to the direction of travel of the vessel.Nozzles producing a hollow-cone shaped spray pattern shouldnot be used. Spray pressure should not be excessive so that thedroplets do not break the oil surface. The disp
31、ersant-watermixture should be delievered to the oil surface in the desiredpattern, with a minimum amount of energy. The spray shouldstrike the oil in small droplets of 300 to 500-m volumemedian diameter (VMD). The droplets should be visuallylarger than a fog or mist and smaller than heavy rain drops
32、. Thefan-shaped sprays from adjacent nozzles should overlap justabove the oil surface.6.1.2 Relatively small spills may be treated by vessels, butvessels are limited on large offshore spills by their spray swathand speed. For example, a boat operating at 10 km/h 5 knotsor 6 mph, and spraying a 12-m
33、40-ft swath, can only treatabout 1.3 km20.5 miles2 of oil spill surface in about 12 h.6.2 HelicoptersSpraying systems on helicopters are eitherintegral (attached to the airframe) or external units that have acombined tank, pump, and spray boom assembly suspendedbelow the aircraft from a cargo hook,
34、as specified by themanufacturer of the bucket. Sufficient room must be allowedbetween the helicopter and the spray unit to allow for safeconnection and release. Spraying is controlled from the cockpitwith an electrical remote control unit, attached by cable to thespray system. Nozzles should be orie
35、nted parallel to thedirection of travel and pointed aft on the spray boom. Onlydispersants applied without dilution are suitable for aerialspraying. The spray-boom altitude, when spraying, should notbe over 10m 30 ft.6.2.1 Helicopters are limited in the volume of dispersantthey can carry, typically
36、under 2000 L 500 U.S. gal. Theyhave greater speed than vessels, however, and if working nearthe source of dispersant supply, helicopters provide veryefficient dispersant application on small areas. Helicopters arebest close to shore and should not work further than 20 km 15miles from shore, unless t
37、here are available offshore platformson which to land, refuel, and load dispersants.6.3 Small AirplanesSmall single-engine airplanes willhave a pump that draws dispersant from a tank to feed the spraybooms, that are usually fitted close to the trailing edge of thewing. The dispersant is discharged t
38、hrough nozzles (spaced atF1737/F1737M 102intervals along the boom) that are designed to generate dropletswithin the required size range. The dispersant pump should becapable of spraying at a rate that is required for a surfacecoverage of 20 to 100 L/hectare 2 to 10 U.S. gal/acre. Thepump rate should
39、 be variable in flight, and regulated andmonitored with a pre-calibrated flowmeter or pressure gage.Air shear, which affects droplet size, may be a problem forlower viscosity dispersants of less than 60 mPa cSt, at aircraftvelocities exceeding about 200 km/h 100 knots or 120 mph.The spray-boom altit
40、ude during application should not be over10 to 30 m 30 to 100 ft.6.3.1 Small airplanes generally have limited load capacity,about 400 to 3000 L 100 to 800 U.S. gal. This size of aircraftmay provide rapid response to small spills, and has longerrange and greater speeds than a helicopter system.6.4 La
41、rge AirplanesLarge multi-engine airplanes offerincreased payload, range, and speed for the treatment of largespills. Most of these aircraft require the installation of wing-mounted booms and other integral parts. Some large cargoairplanes have a rear cargo or personnel door that can beopened in flig
42、ht, can accommodate portable tank systems, andhave extendable booms that can be deployed in flight. Such asystem can be permanently fitted to a dedicated airplane, orinstalled as needed in an airplane of opportunity. These systemsmay require specific certification by aviation authorities for useon a
43、 particular type of aircraft.6.4.1 These larger aircraft will generally fly at altitudes of15 to 30 m 50 to 100 ft when applying dispersant to the oil.6.4.2 The largest dispersant liquid capacity for such aircraftis 20 000 L 5000 U.S. gal. Aircraft range and payloadcharacteristics can limit the disp
44、ersant volume. Applicationrates from 10 to 100 L/hectare 1 to 10 U.S. gal/acre can beachieved. Typical coverage for these systems is 20 hectares/min 50 acres/min at 130 to 150 knots.7. Control of Spraying Operations7.1 Whichever method is employed to apply dispersants, anobjective assessment is requ
45、ired to ensure that a vessel oraircraft spraying operation is conducted properly and effec-tively. Direction of the operation and observation of itseffectiveness can best be conducted from another controller(spotter) aircraft overhead. This can be a light airplane orhelicopter, but it must have a hi
46、gh endurance and good radiocommunications with the spray aircraft or vessel. An airborneobserver can not function adequately in the spraying aircraft,unless the aircraft is equipped with GPS flight assist andrecording instrumentation. To ensure safety in such a case, allthe aircraft must have planne
47、d for, and maintained, continuouscommunications.7.2 Personnel in the controller (spotter) aircraft can identifythe heavier concentrations of oil (or those slicks posing thegreatest threat), direct spray aircraft or boats to the target,request spraying to be started and stopped, and assess theaccurac
48、y of the application. This guidance is important forspraying operations since observation from a vessel or a sprayplane is limited. Air support is essential when large multi-engine aircraft are used for spraying. Even when using heli-copters and small airplanes for spraying, it is not reasonable tor
49、ely on pilot observation, since all of the sprayed area is behindthe aircraft. It is recommended that a separate spotter aircraftbe utilized when such aircraft is available. Consequently, thearea of coverage and the effect of the dispersant is better seenby a qualified observer in a control plane at a higher altitude,who also can better direct the spray plane on the next pass, inthe same or a different treatment area.7.3 With the advent and use of GPS flight assist andrecording instrumentation, it is possible for small aircraft tomap, spray,
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