1、Designation: F 1764 97 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forSelection of Hardline Communication Systems for Confined-Space Rescue1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1764; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers recommended criteria for the selec-tion of hardwire communication systems for use
3、in permit-required confined-space rescue operations.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
4、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1490 Terminology Relating to Search and Rescue2.2 Federal Standards:29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.146 Permit RequiredConfined Spaces329 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.7 Definition andRequirements for a National
5、 Recognized Testing Labora-tory32.3 National Code:National Electrical Code (NEC)/NFPA 7043. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 confined space rescuerescue operations withinspaces that meet the definition of “permit-required confinedspace” in Fed. Std. 29 CFR 1910.146
6、.3.1.2 hardline communication systemany communicationsystem where all users are connected to the system by ahardline or wire.4. Significance and Use4.1 Because of the many unique requirements of permit-required confined space rescue operations and the specificconstruction and composition of some con
7、fined spaces, hard-line communications systems may be the only type that willmeet the requirements for working within these spaces. Someof these requirements are set forth in Federal Regulation andsome by safe operating procedures developed for working inconfined spaces by industry.4.2 This guide is
8、 not meant to preclude the use of othertypes of communication systems in confined-space rescue.5. System Requirements5.1 System SafetyThe system must be safe for use in theatmosphere, or potential atmosphere, within the space.55.2 The system must have continuous, hands-free voicecommunications capab
9、ility.65.3 The system must be dedicated and private so operationscannot be interfered with by outsiders not involved with therescue.5.4 The system shall not affect the readings of other safetyequipment (that is, gas detectors).5.5 Systems that are battery powered must have a low-battery warning or a
10、 backup power source that provides aminimum of 30 min before communications are lost.5.6 The system must accommodate a minimum of threeusers.75.7 The system should allow for communication between allentrants as well as with the attendant.81This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 o
11、n Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.01 on Equipment,Testing, and Maintenance.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 1764 97(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
12、the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., NW, Was
13、hington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.5See Annex A1.6See X1.1.7See X1.2.8SeeX1.3.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
14、959, United States.5.8 The system must work in conjunction with the personalprotective equipment (PPE) necessary to work in the environ-ment within the space.95.9 The system must be impervious to the chemicals withinthe space.6. Keywords6.1 confined space; hardlineANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. INH
15、ERENT SAFETYA1.1 Equipment that requires electrical power to operatemay be a source of ignition in the presence of flammable gasesor vapors, combustible dusts, or ignitable fibers. Equipmentthat must operate in potentially flammable atmospheres mustbe unable to cause ignition (inherently safe) in th
16、ose atmo-spheres. They can be certified as intrinsically safe or explosion-proof. Rescue teams that only work in known hazards, such ason-site rescue teams, may use equipment approved for onlythose hazards. Rescue teams that respond to unknown hazards,such as fire departments and other off-site resc
17、ue teams, musthave equipment with the highest possible level of approvalavailable, that is, equipment approved for atmospheres that areclassified as: Class I Division 1 Groups A, B, C, D; Class IIDivision 1 Groups E, F, G; and Class III Division 1.10,11Divi-sion 1 locations are more hazardous than D
18、ivision 2, thereforethe test protocols for Division 1 are more stringent. As such,equipment certified for Division 1 is also approved for Division2. Hardline systems that only have limited approval, when usedonly in atmospheres for which they are approved, meet thisguide.12The NFPA does not certify
19、equipment. Testing andcertification must be done by a Nationally Recognized TestLaboratory (NRTL) that has been accredited by OSHA inaccordance with 29 CFR 1910.7. All certified equipment mustbe clearly and permanently marked to show the class, division,and group it is approved for use in and the na
20、me or mark of theNRTL that granted the approval. It is insufficient to be simplylabeled intrinsically safe.APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RATIONALEX1.1 Continuous hands-free communication allows therescue team to communicate with each other and with theattendant without stopping what they a
21、re doing to operate apush-to-talk switch. More importantly, it allows the attendantto monitor operations and entrant status inside the space.Slurred speech, out-of-character responses or irregular breath-ing patterns can all be signs of exposure to gases, vapors, orchemicals within the space. The at
22、tendant is required byFederal regulation to know the effects of exposure and be ableto recognize if the entry team exhibits them.X1.2 The system must accommodate a minimum of threeusers, the attendant, at least one person on the entry team, andone person on the backup or standby team.X1.3 Most rescu
23、es are safer if the entry team consists of atleast two members and the system should expand to include allmembers of both the entry and backup teams.X1.4 The PPE used in confined-space rescue may include;breathing apparatus, protective clothing, and helmets orhardhats. Communication equipment must w
24、ork in or underthis equipment. Breathing apparatus may incorporate a micro-phone to overcome the problem of transmitting voice commu-nication through the speaking diaphragm or the communicationsystem may have a throat microphone which eliminates theneed for a speaking diaphragm. Headphones that dont
25、 fit wellunder helmets may be replaced with earpieces or other listen-ing devices that fit under the helmet. Earpieces that may fallout of the ear and are hard to replace under protective hoodswhile wearing gloves, may be replaced by small speakers heldnear the ear with a harness or attached to the
26、breathingapparatus.X1.5 Atmospheric hazards in confined spaces are the causeof a vast majority of confined-space incidents. Flammable orexplosive atmospheres are just one type of hazardous atmo-sphere. The level of inherent safety approval of any electricallypowered equipment that is used in confine
27、d spaces is of the9See X1.4.10Classifications for hazardous locations are in the National Electrical Code(NEC).11See X1.5.12See Appendix X2.F 1764 97 (2007)2utmost importance. Rescuers will not usually enter a spaceunless the atmosphere is at or below 10 % of the lowerexplosive limit (LEL) of the ga
28、s or vapor within the space.However, atmospheres in confined spaces are subject to rapidchanges and what might have been acceptable upon entry maychange dramatically in a very short period of time. Confined-space rescue teams must prepare for the worst possiblescenario and have equipment that is saf
29、e in a wide variety ofsituations.X2. EXAMPLES OF CLASSIFICATIONS AND CORRESPONDING RESCUE SITESX2.1 Class I, Division 1 and 2Examples include petro-leum refineries, dry cleaning plants, petrochemical plants,hospitals, utilities, aircraft hangers, paint manufacturers, diptanks containing flammable or
30、 combustible liquids, and sprayfinishing areas.X2.2 Class II, Division 1 and 2Examples include grainelevators, some coal handling or preparation plants, flour andfeed mills, confectionary plants, fireworks manufacturing andstorage, grain ships, areas for packaging and handling ofpulverized sugar and
31、 cocoa, manufacturing and storage ofmagnesium, and spice grinding mills.X2.3 Class III, Division 1Examples include woodwork-ing plants, textile mills, cotton gins, cotton seed mills, flax-producing plants, knitting mills, and weaving mills.NOTE X2.1Individual group classifications also apply to Appe
32、ndixX2 and were omitted for brevity. Appendix X2 is meant as a guidelineonly. If you have specific sites you wish to categorize, please refer to theNational Electrical Code.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentione
33、din this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and
34、must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of
35、theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
36、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 1764 97 (2007)3
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