1、Designation: F 1776 01An American National StandardStandard Specification forEye Protective Devices for Paintball Sports1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1776; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis is the specification for eye protective devices, or EPD, to be used in the sport of paintball.Paintbal
3、l is a sport that, like all sports, has intrinsic hazards. These hazards include being hit bypaintballs. Protective equipment cannot eliminate all injuries but will substantially reduce theirseverity and frequency. Participation in this sport by a player implies acceptance of injury risk. Thegoal of
4、 protective equipment is to minimize the risk of injury.Performance requirements are presented and are intended to minimize injury with minimalimpairment of the form and appeal of the sport. This specification is subject to revision as indicatedby subsequent injury statistics.The impact requirements
5、 are designed to give eye and adnexal protection from paintball impactslikely to be encountered under game conditions. While the EPD also may protect the user from otherpotential impacts, such as running into tree branches, there are many conceivable impacts, includingfalls from heights, which could
6、 exceed the specification and result in eye injury despite the use of theEPD.1. Scope1.1 This specification applies to eye protective devices,designed for use by players of the sport of paintball, thatminimize or significantly reduce injury to the eye and adnexadue to impact and penetration of paint
7、balls.1.2 Eye protective devices meeting the requirements of thisspecification offer protection to the eyes and adnexa and notnecessarily to any other parts of the head.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 Th
8、is standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This specificatio
9、n does not limit the wearing of eye-glasses or contact lenses when used in conjunction with theEPD.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsF 803 Specification for Eye Protectors for Selected Sports2.2 ANSI Standards:Z80.
10、3 Requirements for Nonprescription Sunglasses andFashion Eyewear3Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye andFace Protectors32.3 Federal Standards:4No. 406No. 30223. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 adnexa, nadjunct parts of the eye, including theorbit,
11、orbital contents, eyelids, and the lacrimal apparatus.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.57 onEye Safety for Sports.Current edition approved May 10, 2001. Published September 2001.
12、 Originallypublished as F 1776 97. Last previous edition F 1776 99a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM w
13、ebsite.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
14、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 astigmatism, na condition in a lens that creates twoaxially separated line foci of each object point, the lines beingmutually perpendicular. In other words, the lens has twodifferent refractive powers in meridians
15、that are 90 apart.3.1.3 base-in, adjrelating to the type of prism imbalancethat tends to cause parallel rays of light passing through aprotector, spaced apart by the interpupillary distance, to con-verge.3.1.4 base-out, adjrelating to the type of prism imbalancethat tends to cause parallel rays of l
16、ight passing through anEPD, spaced apart by the interpupillary distance, to diverge.3.1.5 binocular, adjrelating to the field of view that isshared by both eyes simultaneously.3.1.6 central viewing zone, nthat part of a lens that has itscenter in line with the wearers line of sight when lookingstrai
17、ght ahead. The zone is circular in shape. For the purpose ofthis specification, it shall be considered to be 38 mm indiameter. The center of the central viewing zone shall be thepoint of intersection of the line of sight with the lens asmounted on the CSA adult5headform, as specified by themanufactu
18、rer.3.1.7 cleanable, adjthe ability of an EPD to be madereadily free of dirt or grime without being damaged during anappropriate cleaning process, such as the use of soap and water.3.1.8 coverage, na characteristic of an EPD that protectsthe eyes by obstructing straight line paths that are coinciden
19、twith the wearers eyes.3.1.9 definition, optical, nthe characteristic of a lens thatallows separate distinct points in close proximity to be dis-cerned when looking through the lens.3.1.10 eye, nrelating to the eye of the headform or the eyeof a person wearing an EPD or that part of an EPD throughwh
20、ich a wearers eye would normally look.3.1.11 eye of the headform, nall structures containedwithin the orbital rim of the Alderson or CSA headform.3.1.12 eye protective device (or EPD), n a device thatprovides protection to the wearers eyes against specifichazards encountered in sports.3.1.13 haze, n
21、the fraction of the total transmitted lightfrom a normally incident beam that is not transmitted in afocused condition but scattered by inclusions or surface de-fects. Excessive haze will reduce contrast and visibility.3.1.14 headform optical parameters, nkey dimensions forthe headform as provided i
22、n Fig. 1.3.1.15 lens, nthe transparent part of parts of an EPDthrough which the wearer normally sees.3.1.16 lens retention component(s), ncomponents, sepa-rate from the lens, that are designed to retain the lens in theframe or body of the EPD.3.1.17 luminous transmittance, nluminous transmittanceis
23、a function of the spectral transmittance of the lens weightedby the corresponding ordinates of the photopic luminousefficiency distribution of the CIE (1931) standard colorimetricobserver and by the spectral intensity of standard IlluminationC (see ANSI Z80.3).3.1.18 paintball fragment, na part of t
24、he shell of thepaintball that will not be surrounded completely bya3by5-mm rectangle .3.1.19 orbital area, nthe area contained in a circle r =20-mm centered on the pupil of the headform.3.1.20 power imbalance, na condition that exists whenthe refractive power created by the right lens of the EPD isd
25、ifferent from that of the left lens.3.1.21 prism, nthe angular deviation of a ray of light as itpasses through a lens resulting from the angle at which the raystrikes each surface of the lens and the index of refraction ofthe material from which it is made.3.1.22 prism imbalance:3.1.22.1 horizontal
26、imbalance, nthe difference in pris-matic deviation of incident parallel light beams on the two eyesof an EPD in the horizontal meridian (see base-in andbase-out).3.1.22.2 vertical imbalance, nthe difference in prismaticdeviation between parallel light beams incident on the two eyesof an EPD in the v
27、ertical meridian.3.1.23 refractive power, nthe focusing effect of a lensexpressed in diopters.3.1.24 spherical power, nthe average of the maximummeridional astigmatic power and the minimum meridionalastigmatic power of a lens.4. Performance Requirements4.1 Optical Requirements:4.1.1 Field of ViewWhe
28、n tested in accordance with 6.1,the EPD shall have a field of view equal to or exceeding thefollowing:4.1.1.1 Temporal Field50.4.1.1.2 Nasal Field30.4.1.1.3 Superior Field30.4.1.1.4 Inferior Field30.4.1.2 Refractive TolerancesWhen tested in accordancewith 6.6, the spherical power shall not be less t
29、han 0.37diopters and shall not exceed +0.06 diopters.4.1.3 AstigmatismWhen tested in accordance with 6.6,the astigmatism shall not exceed 0.25 diopters.4.1.4 Power ImbalanceWhen tested in accordance with6.6, the power imbalance in corresponding meridians betweenthe two eyes for straight ahead seeing
30、 shall not exceed 0.18diopters.4.1.5 PrismWhen tested in accordance with 6.4 or 6.8, theprimary viewing position of either eye of a shield shall notexceed 0.5 prism diopters.4.1.6 Prism ImbalanceWhen tested in accordance with6.4 or 6.8, the prism imbalance shall meet the followingcriteria:4.1.6.1 Ve
31、rtical Imbalance, shall not exceed +0.25 diopters.4.1.6.2 Horizontal ImbalancesNegative values (base-in)shall not be less than 0.25 prism diopters, and positive values(base-out) shall not be more than +1.0 prism diopters.4.1.7 Luminous TransmittanceWhen tested in accordancewith 6.3, the luminous tra
32、nsmittance shall not be less than60 % for clear lenses and not less than 20 % for tinted lenses,5Available from CSA, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale, Toronto, Canada, M9W1R3.F1776012unless labeled very dark in which case the minimum trans-mittance shall be no less than 8 %. All tinted lenses shall belabe
33、led Not for use in low light conditions.4.1.8 HazeWhen tested in accordance with 6.5, the hazeof the EPD shall not exceed 3 %.4.1.9 Optical QualityWithin the central viewing zone,striae, warpage, surface ripples, or other defects that areapparent under the optical inspection test conditions of 6.2sh
34、all be considered a failure. An exception is when smallspecks or inclusions, which are not seen when the lens is heldclose to the eye in the as-worn position, shall not be a cause ofrejection.4.1.10 Physical Lens DefectsWithin the central viewingzone, pits, scratches, grayness, bubbles, cracks, wate
35、r marks, orother defects that are apparent under the visible inspection testconditions of 6.7 shall be considered a failure. An exceptionthat small specks or inclusions, which are not seen when thelens is held close to the eye in the as-worn position, shall notbe cause of rejection.4.2 Mechanical Re
36、quirements:4.2.1 No contact by components of the EPD or paintballfragments with the orbital area of the headform shall bepermitted when tested in accordance with Section 7.4.2.2 Any visible fracture of the lens or frame constitutes afailure.4.2.3 Any dislodging of the lens from the frame constitutes
37、a failure.Dimensions, mmA = 54.0 6 2%B and C = 27.0 6 2%D and E = 95.0 6 2%F and G = 93.0 6 2%H and I = 66.0 6 2%J = 80.06 2%Note 1If headform is found to be symmetrical or is to be made symmetrical then B = C, D = E, F = G, and H = I.A = Interpupillary distance.B = Distance of right eye pupil from
38、sagittal plane.C = Distance of left eye pupil from sagittal plane.D = Distance of right eye pupil from top of headform.E = Distance of left eye pupil from top of headform.F = Distance of top of right ear/headform junction from top of headform.G = Distance of top of left ear/headform junction from to
39、p of headform.H = Distance from right side of headform to sagittal plane.I = Distance from left side of headform to sagittal plane.J = Distance between front of pupil and top of ear/headform junction.FIG. 1 CSA 8-Year Old ChildF17760134.2.4 Any dislodging of a lens retention component fromthe lens c
40、onstitutes a failure.4.2.5 Any dislodging of an EPD from the face protectioncomponent to which it is attached constitutes a failure.4.2.6 Any rotation of the headgear system in the headformthat would permit contact of a 15.9-mm (0.625-in.) diametercylindrical probe to the orbital area of the headfor
41、m constitutesfailure.5. Sample Preparation5.1 Eye Protective Devices:5.1.1 Only new and complete EPDs as offered for sale shallbe tested.5.1.2 EPDs shall be subjected to a single impact test.5.1.3 The EPD shall be conditioned for a minimum of 4 h atthe specified temperature prior to each test.5.2 Te
42、st Temperatures:5.2.1 Cold Test, 12.2C6 2C (10F 6 3.5F).5.2.2 Room Temp, 23C6 2C (73F 6 3.5F).5.2.3 Hot Test, 37.8C6 2C (100F 6 3.5F).5.3 Paintballs:5.3.1 All impact testing shall be done using paintballsmanufactured within the previous eight months. Paintballsshall be used for impact testing only a
43、fter a sampling ofpaintballs taken from the bulk container fall within the param-eters specified in 5.3.3 and 5.3.4. The paintball bulk containershall be resealed immediately after each group of paintballs isremoved. Paintball storage and nontest handling shall be doneDimensions, mmA = 59.0 6 2%B an
44、d C = 29.5 6 2%D and E = 113.0 6 2%F and G = 108.0 6 2%H and I = 73.0 6 2%J = 85.06 2%Note 1If headform is found to be symmetrical or is to be made symmetrical then B = C, D = E, F = G, and H = I.A = Interpupillary distance.B = Distance of right eye pupil from sagittal plane.C = Distance of left eye
45、 pupil from sagittal plane.D = Distance of right eye pupil from top of headform.E = Distance of left eye pupil from top of headform.F = Distance of top of right ear/headform junction from top of headform.G = Distance of top of left ear/headform junction from top of headform.H = Distance from right s
46、ide of headform to sagittal plane.I = Distance from left side of headform to sagittal plane.J = Distance between front of pupil and top of ear/headform junction.FIG. 1 CSA 13 Year-Old Male/Adult Female (continued)F1776014at a relative humidity below 55 % and at a temperaturebetween 12.7C (55F) and 2
47、9C (85F).5.3.2 Paintballs used for impact testing shall be conditionedin a sealed packet (bag) for at least4hatthespecifiedtemperature for each test. Impact testing shall be completedwithin 3 min after removal of the paintballs from theirtemperature conditioning atmosphere.5.3.3 Weight and Dimension
48、 TestMeasure a sampling of25 paintballs. Their weight shall be at or between 3.1 and 3.3g.Their diameter, measured both at the seam and polar, shall beat or between 16.89 and 17.78 mm (0.665 and 0.700 in.).5.3.4 Burst Strength TestDrop 100 paintballs, individu-ally, from a height of 1.83 m (6 ft) on
49、to a clean concrete floor.At least three but no more than 25 of the 100 paintballs shallbreak. Discard the unbroken paintballs.TEST METHODS6. Optical Test Methods6.1 Field of View (Angle of Vision):6.1.1 PurposeThis test method is intended to determinethe relative unobstructed angle visually available to the user.With the EPD mounted on the standard headform, the pole ofthe cornea shall be visible to an observer when sighted from therequired field angles in accordance with 4.1.1. Any sightingmethod may be us
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