1、Designation: F1789 10bStandard Terminology forF16 Mechanical Fasteners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1789; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation ofdefinitions for terminology used for mechanical fasteners.1.2 Terms in this terminology are organized alphab
3、etically.In Appendix X1 they are listed under fastener characteristic.1.3 Additional definitions are shown in ANSI/ASMEB18.12; IFI Glossary of Terms, IFI-139 and IFI-140; andSAE J412.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsE456 Terminology Relatin
4、g to Quality and StatisticsF432 Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and Accesso-riesF2428 Guide for Selection and Use for Pelvic Ring Circum-ferential Compression Stabilization Devices (PRCCSD)2.2 ANSI/ASME Standard:3B18.12 Glossary of Terms for Mechanical Fasteners2.3 IFI Standards:4Glossary of T
5、erms Relating to Aerospace FastenersIFI-139 Quality Assurance Requirements for Fastener Test-ing LaboratoriesIFI-140 Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars forMechanical Fasteners2.4 SAE Standard:5SAE J412 General Characteristics and Heat Treatments ofSteels2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:6ISO/IEC 17011
6、Conformity assessment - General require-ments for accreditation bodies accrediting conformityassessment bodiesISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competenceof testing and calibration laboratories3. Mechanical Fastener Definitionsacceptance numbernumerical value representing the maxi-mum numbe
7、r of permissible non-conformances within asample submitted for testing and acceptance of the popula-tion.accredited laboratoryan organization found to be operatingin conformance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 byan accrediting body that has been found to be compliant toISO/IEC 17011, and is r
8、ecognized as a signatory to theInternational Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).age hardenedprecipitation of constituents within certainalloy metals to increase mechanical properties.alloy groupmaterials grouped by their chemical designationand considered
9、 to be functionally or chemically similar forgeneral purpose use.alloy steelsteel is considered to be alloy when the maximumrange given for manganese exceeds 1.65 % or a definiteminimum quantity for any of the following elements isspecified or required within the limits of the recognized fieldof con
10、structional alloy steels: chromium, molybdenum,nickel, or any other alloying element added to obtain adesired alloying effect.alterto change fastener properties such as hardness, tensilestrength, surface finish, length, or other characteristics of thefastener through such processes as heat treatment
11、, plating,and machining.alterationinsignificant alterationany change to the fastener from itspurchased condition that results in no diminished or modi-fied mechanical, metallurgical, or functional properties.significant alterationany change to the fastener from its aspurchased condition that results
12、 in modified mechanical,1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.94 on Terminology.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20
13、10 as F1789 10a1. DOI:10.1520/F1789-10B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Ameri
14、can National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute, 1717 E. 9th Street, Suite 1105,Cleveland, OH 44114.5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 1509
15、6-0001, http:/www.sae.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
16、es.metallurgical, or functional properties.alteration distributordistributor of fasteners who alters afastener prior to sale and assumes the full responsibilities ofthe alteration and its affected mechanical and performancecharacteristics.anchor boltsteel rod or bar, one end of which is intended tob
17、e cast in concrete while the opposite end is threaded andprojects from the concrete for anchoring other material to theconcrete. The end cast in concrete may be either straight orprovided with an anchor, such as a bent hook, forged head,or a tapped or welded attachment to resist forces imposed onthe
18、 anchor bolt as required.annealinggeneral term applied to a variety of thermaltreatments applied to fasteners for the purpose of softeningor homogenizing material properties. The specific types ofannealing are:full annealingheating steel above the upper critical transfor-mation temperature, holding
19、it there long enough to fullytransform the steel to austenite, and then cooling it at acontrolled rate, in a furnace, to below a specified tempera-ture. A full anneal refines grain structure and provides arelatively soft, ductile material that is free of internalstresses.intercritical annealing/isot
20、hermal annealingheating a steelabove the lower critical transformation temperature, butbelow the upper-critical transformation temperature, to dis-solve all the iron carbides, but not transform all the ferrite toaustenite. Cooling slowly from this temperature, through thelower critical temperature,
21、produces a structure of ferrite andpearlite that is free of internal stresses. In intercriticalannealing, the steel continues to cool slowly in the furnace,similarly to full annealing. In isothermal annealing, coolingis stopped just below the lower critical, assuring completetransformation to ferrit
22、e and coarse pearlite, and eliminatingthe potential for bainite formation. The coarse pearlitestructure greatly improves machinability of medium carbonsteels.normalizingvariation of full annealing in which steel isheated above the upper critical temperature and is then aircooled in air, rather than
23、in a furnace. Normalizing relievesthe internal stresses caused by previous working, and whileit produces sufficient softness and ductility for many pur-poses, it leaves the steel harder and with a higher tensilestrength than full annealing. To remove cooling stresses,normalizing if often followed by
24、 tempering.process annealingsometimes called subcritical annealing orstress relieving, performed at temperatures just below thelower critical temperature. Process annealing neither refinesgrains nor redissolves cementite, but does improve theductility and decreases residual stress in work-hardenedst
25、eel.solution annealingheating an austenitic stainless steel to atemperature that puts the carbides into solution. The steel isheld at this temperature long enough to achieve graingrowth. It is then quenched in a medium for fast cooling,which prevents most of the carbides from reprecipitating.The pro
26、cess achieves optimum creep strength.spheroidize annealingtype of subcritical annealing used tosoften steel and improve machinability. Heat treating finepearlite for a long time just below the lower criticaltemperature of the steel, followed by a very slow cooling,produces a spheroidal or globular f
27、orm of the pearlite.stabilization annealingheating an austenitic stainless steelused in severe aqueous corrosion environments by firstsolution annealing and then reheating to about 1600F, andholding at that temperature. The treatment causes grainboundary precipitation of carbides, but also the hold
28、timepermits the chromium remaining in the austenite solution toredistribute within the grains, restoring corrosion resistance,even adjacent to the grain boundaries.applicable standardsthose having the capability of beingapplied in some fashion to the host standard.arbitration hardness locationprescr
29、ibed location on thefastener, such as at mid-radius, using 90 intervals takenthrough the cross section, one diameter from the threadedend for bolts and screws.assembly lotassembly lot may consist of a combination ofdifferent products. As long as the products that make up theassembly are in accordanc
30、e with lot, the quantity of assem-blies determine the sample size. Example: ten assembliesconsisting of a bolt, nut, and a washer would have a lot sizeof ten if the bolts, nuts, and washers meet the criteria of lot.However, if any of the components in the assembly are notin accordance with lot then
31、the ten assemblies will have to beseparated into lots that meet all the requirements of lot.austenitic stainless alloyssteel alloys that contain a mini-mum of 15 % chromium and from a residual to 20 % nickel.Some alloys may contain as much as 18 % manganese. Themetal is predominantly face centered c
32、ubic in structure andhardenable only by cold working. Essentially nonmagneticin its wire form, it may become slightly magnetic from coldworking.Austenitic stainless steels can be grouped into threecategories: 300 series alloy, Cr-Ni-Mn alloys, and Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti.average coating thicknessdetermined as e
33、ither the valueobtained by analytical methods or the mean value of aspecified number of local thickness measurements that areevenly distributed over the significant surface.baking durationtime measured from when the plated prod-uct reaches a specified temperature in the baking furnace oroven until i
34、t is removed.barsolid rolled or forged section that is long in relationshipto its cross-sectional dimensions with a relatively constantcross-section throughout its length. Carbon and alloy steelbars are produced from hot rolled or cast billets, or fromblooms rolled single strand into coils.barrel-pl
35、ating processfastener-coating process which em-ploys a containment vessel called a barrel that is designed tomove a given batch of fasteners together through each of theprocess steps, allowing ready ingress and egress of process-ing solutions and rinses. As the barrel moves through theprocess steps,
36、 it is rotated or oscillated, causing the fastenersto cascade over one another, and in the electrocleaning andelectroplating steps, and electric current is applied.F1789 10b2batch average thicknesscalculated average thickness of acoating if it were uniformly distributed on the surfaces of theitems.b
37、end testvarious tests in which a fastener is bent through itsaxis or on a round mandrel to determine the toughness andductility of the fastener.bendable boltsbolts furnished with an altered section atsome location at which the bolt will bend.bilateral specificationsspecifications that have both an u
38、p-per and a lower value.boltheaded and externally threaded fastener designed to beassembled with a nut.bolt load - elongation behaviorwhen tensile loaded, a boltwill elongate elastically until stressed beyond its propor-tional limit where it will behave plastically.bolt-nut-washer assemblya combinat
39、ion of bolt, nut, andwasher components from singular lots that have been as-sembled, lubricated as necessary, tested as required, andprepared for shipment to a customer creating a unique setand certifiable lot.break loose torquetorque applied in a removal directionnecessary to start the fastener in
40、motion from its fullypreloaded installed position.breakaway torquetorque necessary to start a fastener inmotion after the axial load of the mating components hasbeen reduced to zero.burstopen break in the metal during forging located on theflats or corners of bolt and screw heads, or at the peripher
41、yof a flanged or circular headed bolt or screw, or on the flatsor corners of the nut.carbide precipitation “sensitization”condition which af-fects some austenitic stainless steels which have beensubjected to temperatures in the critical range, typically 800to 1400F. Complex chromium carbides precipi
42、tate andreside primarily at the grain boundaries, causing deteriora-tion of its corrosion resistance by depleting its adjacent areasof chromium.carbon boron steelcarbon steel in which boron has beenintentionally added at a minimum of 0.0005 % and amaximum of 0.003 % in order to obtain an expected ha
43、rd-enability.carbon steelsteel for which no minimum content is specifiedor required for chromium, molybdenum, nickel, or any otherelement added to obtain a desired alloying effect; or steel forwhich maximum content specified for manganese does notexceed 1.65 %. When specified, boron may be added tok
44、illed carbon steel with a maximum allowable of 0.003 %.carburizationprocess or result of increasing carbon contentof the surface layers of the steel fastener product. F2428case hardeninga process which intentionally produces asurface hardness for a steel fastener that is harder than itscore.certific
45、ate of compliancedocument or electronic record,signed by an authorized party, affirming that the supplier ofthe fastener or related service, or both, has met the require-ments of the relevant specifications, contract, or regulation.certificate of conformancedocument or electronic recordaffirming tha
46、t the fastener has met the requirements of therelevant specifications, contract, or regulation.certificationprocedure and action by a duly authorized bodyof determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to thequalifications of personnel, processes, procedures, or itemsin accordance with applicabl
47、e requirements.certified quality assurance systemsystem so designatedofficially by a recognized accrediting body as having met allof the criteria within a national or an international third partyquality system standard.chemical anchorschemical materials that provide anchor-age between a bolt or bar
48、and a drilled hole.check analysissee product analysis.clamp loadsometimes called preload or initial load. It is atension on a bolt or screw, which results in equal andopposite forces which exist at the interface between twomembers generated through the cumulative effect of tight-ening one or more fa
49、steners.cold forgedformed by hammering or pressing with thematerial at or near ambient temperature.cold formingprocess of forming material below the recrys-tallization temperature by forcing or pressing metal intovarious dies.cold heading quality materialmaterial that has dimen-sional, chemical, and residual limits such that it will suc-cessfully form a given fastener geometry when machine-applied pressure produces a metal flow that results in thedesired geometry. Additionally, subsequent treatment asnecessary to achieve gi
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