1、Designation: F 1797 98 (Reapproved 2003)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forAcoustic Emission Testing of Insulated Digger Derricks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1797; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for acoustic emis-sion (AE) testing of insul
3、ated digger derricks.1.1.1 Equipment CoveredThis test method applies tospecial multipurpose vehicle-mounted machines, commonlyknown as digger derricks. These machines are primarilydesigned to dig holes, set poles, and position materials andapparatus.1.1.1.1 Insulated type digger derricks may be eval
4、uated withthis test method.1.1.1.2 Digger derricks, if so equipped to position personnelor equipment, or both, may also be evaluated with this testmethod in conjunction with Test Method F 914.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredExcluded from this testmethod are general-purpose cranes designed only for liftin
5、gservice and machines primarily designed only for diggingholes.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locateemission sources. Verification of emission sources may requirethe use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such asradiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant
6、, andvisual inspection.1.3 PrecautionThis test method requires that externalloads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test.During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personneland equipment against unexpected failure or instability of thevehicle or components.1.4 This stand
7、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
8、TM Standards:E 569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During Controlled Stimulation2E 610 Definitions of Terms Relating to Acoustic Emission2E 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionContact Sensors2E 750 Practice for CharacterizingAcoustic Emission Instru-mentati
9、on2E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcous-tic Emission Sensor Response2E 1067 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination ofFiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels2F 914 Test Method for Acoustic Emission for InsulatedAerial Personnel Devices32.2 Other Standards:ASNT R
10、ecommended Practice SNT-TC-1A PersonnelQualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI A10.31 Digger DerricksSafety Requirements,Definitions, and Specifications5EMI Nomenclature and Specifications for Truck-MountedExtensible Aerial Devices, Articulating Aerial Devices,Digger-Derricks6
11、3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acoustic emission, AEthe class of phenomenawhereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release ofenergy from a localized source or sources within a material, orthe transient elastic wave(s) so generated.3.1.1.1 Discussionacoustic emission is the recommendedte
12、rm for general use. Other terms that have been used in AEliterature include (1) stress wave emission, (2) microseismicactivity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission with otherqualifying modifiers.3.1.2 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)thepeak voltage of the largest excursion attained b
13、y the signalwaveform from an emission event.3.1.3 amplitude distributiona display of the number ofacoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a function of amplitude.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 onElectrical Protective Equipment for
14、 Workers and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for AerialDevices.Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2003. Published February 1999. Originallypublished as F 179797. Last previous edition F 179797.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03
15、.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.4Available from American Society of Nondestructive Testing, 4153 ArlingatePlaza, Caller #28518, Columbus, OH 43228.5Available from the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway,New York, NY 10018.6Available from the Equipment Manufacturers Instit
16、ute, 410 N. MichiganAve.,Chicago, IL 60611.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 attenuationloss of energy per unit distance, typi-cally measured as loss of signal peak amplitude with unitdistance from the source of e
17、mission.3.1.5 channelan input to the main AE instrument thataccepts a preamplifier output.3.1.6 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected suchthat the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a singlechannel without differentiation of sensor origin. (syn. teed)3.1.7 count, n(acoustic emission
18、 count) the number oftimes the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a presetthreshold during any selected portion of a test.3.1.8 decibel, dBa reference scale that expresses thelogarithmic ratio of a signal peak amplitude to a fixed referenceamplitude.Signal peak amplitude dB!520 log10A1A0(1)w
19、here:A0= 1 V at the sensor output (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the measured acoustic emissionsignal.Acoustic Emission Reference ScaledB ValueVoltage AtSensor OutputVoltage at Integral PreampSensor Output (40 dB Gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60 1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100
20、 100 mV 10 V3.1.9 event (acoustic emission event)a local materialchange giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.10 event count, Nthe number obtained by countingeach discerned acoustic emission event once.3.1.11 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoringequipment in which an event occurring on one ch
21、annel willprevent all other channels from processing data for a specifiedperiod of time. The channel with a sensor closest to thephysical location of the emission source will then be the onlychannel processing data from that source.3.1.12 insulatorany part of the digger derrick such as, butnot limit
22、ed to, any of the extensible boom sections or support-ing structure, made of a material having a high dielectricstrength, usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.13 noiseany undesired signal that tends to interferewith the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.3.1.14 qualified personnelpers
23、onnel who, by possessionof a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, orskill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, havedemonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to thesubject matter, the work, or the project.3.1.15 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by
24、 detec-tion of one or more acoustic emission events.3.1.16 For definitions of other terms in this test method,refer to Definitions E 610 and the EMI Nomenclature andSpecifications.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to the Standard:3.2.1 augerthe hole-boring tool of the digger.3.2.2 authorized persona
25、 qualified person approved andassigned by the user to perform a specific type of duty or dutiesor to be at a specific location or locations at the job site.3.2.3 boom angle indicatora device that indicates theangle between the boom and a horizontal plane.3.2.4 boom pinthe horizontal shaft about whic
26、h the boompivots as it is raised or lowered relative to the turntable.3.2.5 boom tip sheavethe sheave, located at the tip of aboom, that carries the winch line.3.2.6 capacity charta chart that indicates the load capac-ity or rated capacity of the digger derrick, and by the choice ofthe user reflects
27、 either the load capacity or the rated capacity.FIG. 1 Insulated Digger Derrick NomenclatureF 1797 98 (2003)23.2.7 centerline of rotationthe vertical axis about whichthe digger derrick rotates.3.2.8 critical membersthose components, members, orstructures in a digger derrick whose failure would cause
28、catastrophic failure of the digger derrick system.3.2.9 design stressthe maximum stress at which the com-ponent is designed to operate under conditions of ratedcapacity.3.2.10 diggerthe mechanism that drives the auger.3.2.11 extension cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder or cylin-ders that extend the boom
29、.3.2.12 instabilitya condition of a mobile unit in which thesum of the moments tending to overturn the unit is equal to orexceeds the sum of the moments tending to resist overturning.3.2.13 intermediate boom (C)7structural member ormembers that extend and are located between the upper andlower booms
30、.3.2.14 jiban auxiliary boom that attaches to the upperboom tip to extend the reach of the boom.3.2.15 lift cylindera hydraulic cylinder that lifts the boom.3.2.16 load blocka component consisting of a sheave orsheaves and a hook that is used for multiple parting of the loadline.3.2.17 load capacity
31、the maximum load, specified by themanufacturer, that can be lifted by the mobile unit at regularintervals of load radius and boom angle, through the specifiedranges of boom elevation, extension, and rotation, with optionsinstalled and inclusive of stability requirements.3.2.18 load linethe load hois
32、ting line.3.2.19 lower boom (D)the structural member, attached tothe turntable, that supports the extensible boom or booms.3.2.20 manufacturerone who originally constructs thedigger derrick.3.2.21 modelmanufacturers designation for digger der-rick specified.3.2.22 operatorthe person actually engaged
33、 in the opera-tion of the digger derrick.3.2.23 outrigger cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder that ex-tends the outrigger.3.2.24 outriggers (L)the structural members that are ex-tended or deployed to assist in stabilizing the mobile unit.3.2.25 pedestal (G)the stationary base of the diggerderrick that su
34、pports the turntable.3.2.26 platform (H)the optional personnel-carrying com-ponent of a digger derrick, such as a bucket, basket, stand, orequivalent.3.2.27 platform pinthe horizontal pin about which theoptional platform rotates relative to the boom.3.2.28 structural componentsthose elements of a di
35、ggerderrick that are subjected to stress during operation.3.2.29 turntable (F)the structure above the rotation bear-ing that supports the booms.3.2.30 ultimate strengthfor materials that do not have aclearly defined yield strength, the stress level at which failureof a material will occur.3.2.31 upp
36、er boom (B)the structural member that extendsthe farthest, and that supports the boom tip sheave, or theoptional platform, or both.3.2.32 upper boom tip (A)the end of the boom farthestfrom the turntable.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of applying a predeterminedload to an insu
37、lated digger derrick while it is being monitoredby sensors that are sensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) causedby active defects. These acoustic emissions can be generatedby, but are not limited to, the following: crack nucleation,movement, or propagation in the metal components; or matrixcrazing, d
38、elamination or fiber breakage of the fiber reinforcedplastic (FRP) material, or both.4.2 The insulated digger derrick is loaded at a uniform rateuntil a predetermined load is reached, which is held for aperiod of time. The load is removed and the cycle is repeated.Acoustic emissions are monitored fo
39、r the components beingevaluated during both cycles, and the data is reviewed.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method permits testing of the major compo-nents of an insulated digger derrick shown in Table 1. The testmethod provides a means of detecting acoustic emissionsgenerated by the rapid rel
40、ease of energy from localized sourceswithin the digger derrick under controlled loading. The energyreleases occur during intentional application of a predeter-mined load. These energy releases can be monitored andinterpreted by qualified individuals. Acceptance/rejection cri-teria are beyond the sco
41、pe of this test method. The test may bediscontinued at any time to investigate a particular area ofconcern, or to avoid imminent damage to the digger derrickresulting from the application of the test load.5.2 Significant sources of acoustic emission found with thistest method shall be evaluated by e
42、ither more refined acousticemission test techniques or by other nondestructive methods(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magneticparticle, etc.). Other nondestructive methods may be requiredin order to precisely locate defects in the digger derrick, and toestimate their size.Additio
43、nal tests are outside the scope of thistest method.7Letters in parentheses refer to the corresponding letters in Table 1 and Fig. 1.TABLE 1 Insulated Digger Derrick Components That May beMonitored with Acoustic EmissionComponentCorresponding Letter inFig. 1Upper Boom Tip AAUpper Boom BAIntermediate
44、Boom(s), if equipped CLower Boom DLower Boom Lift Cylinder Attach Bracket ETurntable FPedestal GOptional Componentsif equippedPlatform HPlatform Attachment IJib JAJib Bracket/Cylinder Attach Bracket KAOutriggers LAThese components must be monitored.F 1797 98 (2003)35.3 Defective areas found in digge
45、r derricks by this testmethod should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repairprocedure recommendations are outside the scope of this testmethod.6. Personnel Qualifications6.1 The test method shall be performed by qualified person-nel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an establishedwr
46、itten program prepared by a person familiar with design,manufacture, and operation of insulated digger derricks. Theprogram shall include an established format of ASNT SNT-TC-1Afor training, qualification, and certification of personnelfor conducting AE testing.NOTE 1Personnel performing subsequent
47、nondestructive evaluation(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, etc.)on digger derricks should be certified in accordance with ASNT SNT-TC-1A guidelines.6.2 Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar withthe design, manufacture, and operation of insulated digg
48、erderricks. Relevant information is contained in ANSI A10.31and manufacturers operating and service manuals.7. Acoustic Emission Instrumentation7.1 The AE instrument shall be capable of data acquisitionfrom discrete channels using 60 kHz and 150 kHz sensors. Thenumber of AE instrument channels shall
49、 be determined by theattenuation characteristics of the digger derrick in order toprovide coverage of those components identified in Table 1.Refer to the description of mandatory instrumentation charac-teristics in Annex A1.NOTE 2Annex A1 requires the use of a minimum of eight channels.NOTE 3The sensors used by most testing agencies are resonant at 60kHz for FRPcomponents and 150 kHz for metal components. Selection ofsensors other than these may significantly affect test results.8. Test Preparation8.1 Prior to the AE t
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