1、Designation: F1797 091Standard Test Method forAcoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-InsulatedDigger Derricks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1797; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections were made in June 2010.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for acoustic emis-sion (AE
3、) testing of digger derricks.1.1.1 Equipment CoveredThis test method applies tospecial multipurpose vehicle-mounted machines, commonlyknown as digger derricks. These machines are primarilydesigned to dig holes, set poles, and position materials andapparatus.1.1.1.1 Insulated and non-insulated type d
4、igger derricksmay be evaluated with this test method.1.1.1.2 Digger derricks, if so equipped to position personnelor equipment, or both, may also be evaluated with this testmethod in conjunction with Test Method F914.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredExcluded from this testmethod are general-purpose cranes
5、 designed only for liftingservice and machines primarily designed only for diggingholes.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locateemission sources. Verification of emission sources may requirethe use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such asradiography, ultrasonic, magnetic p
6、article, liquid penetrant, andvisual inspection.1.3 WarningThis test method requires that external loadsbe applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test.During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personneland equipment against unexpected failure or instability of thevehicle or com
7、ponents.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refe
8、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During Controlled StimulationE610 Definitions of Terms Relating to Acoustic Emission2E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Inst
9、ru-mentationE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-tic Emission Sensor ResponseF914 Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Insulated andNon-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices Without Supple-mental Load Handling Attachments2.2 Other Standards:ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Person
10、nelQualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3ANSI A10.31 Digger DerricksSafety Requirements,Definitions, and Specifications4EMI Nomenclature and Specifications for Truck-MountedExtensible Aerial Devices, Articulating Aerial Devices,Digger-Derricks53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1
11、acoustic emission, AEthe class of phenomenawhereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release ofenergy from a localized source or sources within a material, orthe transient elastic wave(s) so generated.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 onElectrical Protective Eq
12、uipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for AerialDevices.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F179798(2003). DOI:10.1520
13、/F1797-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Nondestructive
14、Testing, 4153 ArlingatePlaza, Caller #28518, Columbus, OH 43228.4Available from the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway,New York, NY 10018.5Available from the Equipment Manufacturers Institute, 410 N. MichiganAve.,Chicago, IL 60611.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1.1 Discussionacoustic emission is the recommendedterm for general use. Other terms that have been used in AEliterature include (1) stress wave emission, (2) micro-seismicactivity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission with otherqua
16、lifying modifiers.3.1.2 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)thepeak voltage of the largest excursion attained by the signalwaveform from an emission event.3.1.3 amplitude distributiona display of the number ofacoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a func
17、tion of amplitude.3.1.4 attenuationloss of energy per unit distance, typi-cally measured as loss of signal peak amplitude with unitdistance from the source of emission.3.1.5 channelan input to the main AE instrument thataccepts a preamplifier output.3.1.6 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected s
18、uchthat the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a singlechannel without differentiation of sensor origin. (syn. teed)3.1.7 count, n(acoustic emission count) the number oftimes the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a presetthreshold during any selected portion of a test.3.1.8 deci
19、bel, dBa reference scale that expresses thelogarithmic ratio of a signal peak amplitude to a fixed referenceamplitude.Signal peak amplitude dB!520 log10A1A0(1)where:A0= 1 V at the sensor output (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the measured acoustic emissionsignal.Acoustic Emission Refe
20、rence ScaledB ValueVoltage AtSensor OutputVoltage at Integral PreampSensor Output (40 dB Gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60 1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100 100 mV 10 V3.1.9 event (acoustic emission event)a local materialchange giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.10 event count, Nthe number obt
21、ained by countingeach discerned acoustic emission event once.3.1.11 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoringequipment in which an event occurring on one channel willprevent all other channels from processing data for a specifiedperiod of time. The channel with a sensor closest to thephysical lo
22、cation of the emission source will then be the onlychannel processing data from that source.3.1.12 insulatorany part of the digger derrick such as, butnot limited to, any of the extensible boom sections or support-ing structure, made of a material having a high dielectricstrength, usually FRP or the
23、 equivalent.3.1.13 noiseany undesired signal that tends to interferewith the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.3.1.14 qualified personnelpersonnel who, by possessionof a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, orskill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience
24、, havedemonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to thesubject matter, the work, or the project.3.1.15 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by detec-tion of one or more acoustic emission events.FIG. 1 Digger Derrick NomenclatureF1797 09123.1.16 For definitions of other terms in thi
25、s test method,refer to Definitions E610 and the EMI Nomenclature andSpecifications.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to the Standard:3.2.1 augerthe hole-boring tool of the digger.3.2.2 authorized persona qualified person approved andassigned by the user to perform a specific type of duty or dutiesor
26、 to be at a specific location or locations at the job site.3.2.3 boom angle indicatora device that indicates theangle between the boom and a horizontal plane.3.2.4 boom pinthe horizontal shaft about which the boompivots as it is raised or lowered relative to the turntable.3.2.5 boom tip sheavethe sh
27、eave, located at the tip of aboom, that carries the winch line.3.2.6 capacity charta chart that indicates the load capac-ity or rated capacity of the digger derrick, and by the choice ofthe user reflects either the load capacity or the rated capacity.3.2.7 centerline of rotationthe vertical axis abo
28、ut whichthe digger derrick rotates.3.2.8 critical membersthose components, members, orstructures in a digger derrick whose failure would causecatastrophic failure of the digger derrick system.3.2.9 design stressthe maximum stress at which the com-ponent is designed to operate under conditions of rat
29、edcapacity.3.2.10 diggerthe mechanism that drives the auger.3.2.11 extension cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder or cylin-ders that extend the boom.3.2.12 instabilitya condition of a mobile unit in which thesum of the moments tending to overturn the unit is equal to orexceeds the sum of the moments tendi
30、ng to resist overturning.3.2.13 intermediate boom (C)6structural member ormembers that extend and are located between the upper andlower booms.3.2.14 jiban auxiliary boom that attaches to the upperboom tip to extend the reach of the boom.3.2.15 lift cylindera hydraulic cylinder that lifts the boom.3
31、.2.16 load blocka component consisting of a sheave orsheaves and a hook that is used for multiple parting of the loadline.3.2.17 load capacitythe maximum load, specified by themanufacturer, that can be lifted by the mobile unit at regularintervals of load radius and boom angle, through the specified
32、ranges of boom elevation, extension, and rotation, with optionsinstalled and inclusive of stability requirements.3.2.18 load linethe load hoisting line.3.2.19 lower boom (D)the structural member, attached tothe turntable, that supports the extensible boom or booms.3.2.20 manufacturerone who original
33、ly constructs thedigger derrick.3.2.21 modelmanufacturers designation for digger der-rick specified.3.2.22 non-destructive testingthe examination by variousmeans of devices and their components without alteration oforiginal components, so that they may function as before.3.2.23 operatorthe person ac
34、tually engaged in the opera-tion of the digger derrick.3.2.24 outrigger cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder that ex-tends the outrigger.3.2.25 outriggers (L)the structural members that are ex-tended or deployed to assist in stabilizing the mobile unit.3.2.26 pedestal (G)the stationary base of the diggerd
35、errick that supports the turntable.3.2.27 platform (H)the optional personnel-carrying com-ponent of a digger derrick, such as a bucket, basket, stand, orequivalent.3.2.28 platform pinthe horizontal pin about which theoptional platform rotates relative to the boom.3.2.29 structural componentsthose el
36、ements of a diggerderrick that are subjected to stress during operation.3.2.30 turntable (F)the structure above the rotation bear-ing that supports the booms.3.2.31 ultimate strengthfor materials that do not have aclearly defined yield strength, the stress level at which failureof a material will oc
37、cur.3.2.32 upper boom (B)the structural member that extendsthe farthest, and that supports the boom tip sheave, or theoptional platform, or both.3.2.33 upper boom tip (A)the end of the boom farthestfrom the turntable.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of applying a predeterminedl
38、oad to a digger derrick while it is being monitored by sensorsthat are sensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) caused by activedefects. These acoustic emissions can be generated by, but arenot limited to, the following: crack nucleation, movement, orpropagation in the metal components; or matrix crazin
39、g,delamination or fiber breakage of the fiber reinforced plastic(FRP) material, or both.4.2 The digger derrick is loaded at a uniform rate until apredetermined load is reached, which is held for a period oftime. The load is removed and the cycle is repeated. Acousticemissions are monitored for the c
40、omponents being evaluatedduring both cycles, and the data is reviewed.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method permits testing of the major compo-nents of a digger derrick generated by the rapid release ofenergy from localized sources within the digger derrick undercontrolled loading. The energy
41、releases occur during inten-tional application of a predetermined load. These energyreleases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified indi-viduals. Acceptance/rejection criteria are beyond the scope ofthis test method. The test may be discontinued at any time toinvestigate a particular area of
42、concern, or to prevent a faultfrom continuing to ultimate failure of the digger derrickresulting from the application of the test load.5.2 This test method provides a means of detecting acousticemission sources that may be defects, irregularities, or both,affecting the structural integrity or intend
43、ed use of the aerialpersonnel device.5.3 Significant sources of acoustic emission found with thistest method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic6Letters in parentheses refer to the corresponding letters in Table 1 and Fig. 1.F1797 0913emission test techniques or by other nondestructiv
44、e methods(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magneticparticle, etc.). Other nondestructive methods may be requiredin order to precisely locate defects in the digger derrick, and toestimate their size.Additional tests are outside the scope of thistest method.5.4 Defective areas found
45、in digger derricks by this testmethod should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repairprocedure recommendations are outside the scope of this testmethod. Repair procedure recommendations are outside thescope of this test method.6. Personnel Qualifications6.1 The test method shall be performed
46、by qualified person-nel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an establishedwritten program prepared by a person familiar with design,manufacture, and operation of digger derricks. The programshall include an established format of ASNT SNT-TC-1A fortraining, qualification, and certification of
47、personnel for con-ducting AE testing.NOTE 1Personnel performing non-destructive testing shall be at leastLevel 1 in visual, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and AE.Subsequent test evaluation shall be made by personnel certified Level 2(visual, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, magnetic p
48、article, and AE) in accor-dance with ASNT SNT-TC-1A guidelines.6.2 Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar withthe design, manufacture, and operation of insulated diggerderricks. Relevant information is contained in ANSI A10.31and manufacturers operating and service manuals.7. Acoustic Em
49、ission Instrumentation7.1 The AE instrument shall be capable of data acquisitionfrom discrete channels using 60 kHz and 150 kHz sensors. Thenumber of AE instrument channels shall be determined by theattenuation characteristics of the digger derrick in order toprovide coverage of those components identified in Table 1.Experience shows that a minimum of eight channels of dataacquisition is required. The instrument should be capable ofrecording the following: time, events, counts, amplitude andload. Hard copy records
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