1、Designation: F1797 18Standard Test Method forAcoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-InsulatedDigger Derricks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1797; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for acoustic emis-sion (AE) testing of digger derricks.1.1.1 Equipment Covere
3、dThis test method applies to spe-cial multipurpose vehicle-mounted machines, commonlyknown as digger derricks. These machines are primarilydesigned to dig holes, set poles, and position materials andapparatus.1.1.1.1 Insulated and non-insulated type digger derricksmay be evaluated with this test met
4、hod.1.1.1.2 Digger derricks, if so equipped to position personnelor equipment, or both, may also be evaluated with this testmethod in conjunction with Test Method F914.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredExcluded from this testmethod are general-purpose cranes designed only for liftingservice and machines pr
5、imarily designed only for diggingholes.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locateemission sources. Verification of emission sources may requirethe use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such asradiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, andvisual inspection.1
6、.3 WarningThis test method requires that external loadsbe applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test.During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personneland equipment against unexpected failure or instability of thevehicle or components.1.4 This standard does not purport to add
7、ress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was deve
8、loped in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Doc
9、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using IndustrialRadiographic FilmE114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-BeamContact TestingE164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of WeldmentsE569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During Controll
10、ed StimulationE610 Terminology Relating to Acoustic Emission (With-drawn 1991)3E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentationE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcousticEmission Sensor ResponseE1417/E1417
11、M Practice for Liquid Penetrant TestingE1444/E1444M Practice for Magnetic Particle TestingF914 Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Insulated andNon-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices Without Supple-mental Load Handling Attachments2.2 Other Standards:ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A PersonnelQua
12、lification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI A10.31 Digger DerricksSafety Requirements,Definitions, and Specifications51This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 onElectrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F18.55
13、 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for AerialDevices.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F179715. DOI:10.1520/F1797-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
14、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American Society of Nondestructiv
15、e Testing, 4153 ArlingatePlaza, Caller #28518, Columbus, OH 43228.5Available from the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway,New York, NY 10018.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard w
16、as developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1EMI Nomencl
17、ature and Specifications for Truck-MountedExtensible Aerial Devices, Articulating Aerial Devices,Digger-Derricks63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acoustic emission, AEthe class of phenomenawhereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release ofenergy from a localized source or sources within
18、a material, orthe transient elastic wave(s) so generated.3.1.1.1 Discussionacoustic emission is the recommendedterm for general use. Other terms that have been used in AEliterature include (1) stress wave emission, (2) micro-seismicactivity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission with otherqualifying
19、 modifiers.3.1.2 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)thepeak voltage of the largest excursion attained by the signalwaveform from an emission event.3.1.3 amplitude distributiona display of the number ofacoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a function of
20、 amplitude.3.1.4 attenuationloss of energy per unit distance, typicallymeasured as loss of signal peak amplitude with unit distancefrom the source of emission.3.1.5 channelan input to the main AE instrument thataccepts a preamplifier output.3.1.6 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected suchthat t
21、he sensor outputs are electronically processed by a singlechannel without differentiation of sensor origin. (syn. teed)3.1.7 count, n(acoustic emission count) the number oftimes the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a presetthreshold during any selected portion of a test.3.1.8 decibel, dBa
22、reference scale that expresses thelogarithmic ratio of a signal peak amplitude to a fixed referenceamplitude.Signal peak amplitude dB! 5 20 log10A1A0(1)where:A0= 1 V at the sensor output (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the measured acoustic emission signal.Acoustic Emission Reference
23、ScaledB ValueVoltage AtSensor OutputVoltage at Integral PreampSensor Output (40 dB Gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60 1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100 100 mV 10 V3.1.9 event (acoustic emission event)a local materialchange giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.10 event count, Nthe number obtained
24、by countingeach discerned acoustic emission event once.3.1.11 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoringequipment in which an event occurring on one channel will6Available from the Equipment Manufacturers Institute, 410 N. MichiganAve.,Chicago, IL 60611.FIG. 1 Digger Derrick NomenclatureF1797 182
25、prevent all other channels from processing data for a specifiedperiod of time. The channel with a sensor closest to thephysical location of the emission source will then be the onlychannel processing data from that source.3.1.12 insulatorany part of the digger derrick such as, butnot limited to, any
26、 of the extensible boom sections or support-ing structure, made of a material having a high dielectricstrength, usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.13 noiseany undesired signal that tends to interferewith the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.3.1.14 qualified personnelpersonnel who,
27、 by possessionof a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, orskill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, havedemonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to thesubject matter, the work, or the project.3.1.15 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by detec-tio
28、n of one or more acoustic emission events.3.1.16 For definitions of other terms in this test method,refer to Definitions E610 and the EMI Nomenclature andSpecifications.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 augerthe hole-boring tool of the digger.3.2.2 authorized persona qualified
29、 person approved andassigned by the user to perform a specific type of duty or dutiesor to be at a specific location or locations at the job site.3.2.3 boom angle indicatora device that indicates theangle between the boom and a horizontal plane.3.2.4 boom pinthe horizontal shaft about which the boom
30、pivots as it is raised or lowered relative to the turntable.3.2.5 boom tip sheavethe sheave, located at the tip of aboom, that carries the winch line.3.2.6 capacity charta chart that indicates the load capacityor rated capacity of the digger derrick, and by the choice of theuser reflects either the
31、load capacity or the rated capacity.3.2.7 centerline of rotationthe vertical axis about whichthe digger derrick rotates.3.2.8 critical membersthose components, members, orstructures in a digger derrick whose failure would causecatastrophic failure of the digger derrick system.3.2.9 design stressthe
32、maximum stress at which the com-ponent is designed to operate under conditions of ratedcapacity.3.2.10 diggerthe mechanism that drives the auger.3.2.11 extension cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder or cylin-ders that extend the boom.3.2.12 instabilitya condition of a mobile unit in which thesum of the mo
33、ments tending to overturn the unit is equal to orexceeds the sum of the moments tending to resist overturning.3.2.13 intermediate boom (C)7structural member ormembers that extend and are located between the upper andlower booms.3.2.14 jiban auxiliary boom that attaches to the upperboom tip to extend
34、 the reach of the boom.3.2.15 lift cylindera hydraulic cylinder that lifts the boom.3.2.16 load blocka component consisting of a sheave orsheaves and a hook that is used for multiple parting of the loadline.3.2.17 load capacitythe maximum load, specified by themanufacturer, that can be lifted by the
35、 mobile unit at regularintervals of load radius and boom angle, through the specifiedranges of boom elevation, extension, and rotation, with optionsinstalled and inclusive of stability requirements.3.2.18 load linethe load hoisting line.3.2.19 lower boom (D)the structural member, attached tothe turn
36、table, that supports the extensible boom or booms.3.2.20 manufacturerone who originally constructs thedigger derrick.3.2.21 modelmanufacturers designation for digger der-rick specified.3.2.22 non-destructive testingthe examination by variousmeans of devices and their components without alteration of
37、original components, so that they may function as before.3.2.23 operatorthe person actually engaged in the opera-tion of the digger derrick.3.2.24 outrigger cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder that ex-tends the outrigger.3.2.25 outriggers (L)the structural members that are ex-tended or deployed to assist
38、 in stabilizing the mobile unit.3.2.26 pedestal (G)the stationary base of the digger der-rick that supports the turntable.3.2.27 platform (H)the optional personnel-carrying com-ponent of a digger derrick, such as a bucket, basket, stand, orequivalent.3.2.28 platform pinthe horizontal pin about which
39、 theoptional platform rotates relative to the boom.3.2.29 structural componentsthose elements of a diggerderrick that are subjected to stress during operation.3.2.30 turntable (F)the structure above the rotation bear-ing that supports the booms.3.2.31 ultimate strengthfor materials that do not have
40、aclearly defined yield strength, the stress level at which failureof a material will occur.3.2.32 upper boom (B)the structural member that extendsthe farthest, and that supports the boom tip sheave, or theoptional platform, or both.3.2.33 upper boom tip (A)the end of the boom farthestfrom the turnta
41、ble.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of applying a predeterminedload to a digger derrick while it is being monitored by sensorsthat are sensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) caused by activedefects. These acoustic emissions can be generated by, but arenot limited to, the followi
42、ng: crack nucleation, movement, orpropagation in the metal components; or matrix crazing,7Letters in parentheses refer to the corresponding letters in Table 1 and Fig. 1.F1797 183delamination or fiber breakage of the fiber reinforced plastic(FRP) material, or both.4.2 The digger derrick is loaded at
43、 a uniform rate until apredetermined load is reached, which is held for a period oftime. The load is removed and the cycle is repeated. Acousticemissions are monitored for the components being evaluatedduring both cycles, and the data is reviewed.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method permits t
44、esting of the major compo-nents of a digger derrick generated by the rapid release ofenergy from localized sources within the digger derrick undercontrolled loading. The energy releases occur during inten-tional application of a predetermined load. These energyreleases can be monitored and interpret
45、ed by qualified indi-viduals. Acceptance/rejection criteria are beyond the scope ofthis test method. The test may be discontinued at any time toinvestigate a particular area of concern, or to prevent a faultfrom continuing to ultimate failure of the digger derrickresulting from the application of th
46、e test load.5.2 This test method provides a means of detecting acousticemission sources that may be defects, irregularities, or both,affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerialpersonnel device.5.3 Significant sources of acoustic emission found with thistest method shall be evalu
47、ated by either more refined acousticemission test techniques or by other nondestructive methods(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magneticparticle, etc.). Other nondestructive methods may be requiredin order to precisely locate defects in the digger derrick, and toestimate their siz
48、e.Additional tests are outside the scope of thistest method.5.4 Defective areas found in digger derricks by this testmethod should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repairprocedure recommendations are outside the scope of this testmethod. Repair procedure recommendations are outside thescope
49、of this test method.6. Personnel Qualifications6.1 The test method shall be performed by qualified person-nel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an establishedwritten program prepared by a person familiar with design,manufacture, and operation of digger derricks. The programshall include an established format of ASNT SNT-TC-1A fortraining, qualification, and certification of personnel for con-ducting AE testing.NOTE 1Personnel performing non-destructive testing shall be at leastLevel 1 in visual, liquid penetran
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