1、Designation: F1806 97 (Reapproved 2008)F1806 14Standard Practice forTire Testing OperationsBasic Concepts and Terminologyfor Reference Tire Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice presents some basic concepts for tire testing and a standard set of term
3、s relating to the use of reference tiresfrequently used for comprehensive tire testing programs. The tests may be conducted in a laboratory on various dynamometerwheels or other apparatus as well as at outdoor proving ground facilities. The overall objective of this practice is to develop someelemen
4、tary principles for such testing and standardize the terms used in these operations. This will improve communication amongthose conducting these tests as well as those using the results of such testing.1.2 In addition to the basic concepts and terminology, a statistical model for tire testing operat
5、ions is also presented in AnnexA1. This serves as a mathematical and conceptual foundation for the terms and other testing concepts; it will improveunderstanding. The annex can also serve for future consultation as this practice is expanded to address additional aspects of thetesting process.1.3 Thi
6、s overall topic requires a comprehensive treatment with a sequential or hierarchical development of terms withsubstantial background discussion. This cannot be accommodated in Terminology F538.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
7、It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber a
8、nd Carbon Black Manufacturing IndustriesE1136 Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test TireF538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of TiresF1082 Practice for TiresDetermining Precision for Test Method Standards (Withdrawn 2005)3F1650 Practice for Evaluatin
9、g Tire Traction Performance Data Under Varying Test ConditionsF2493 Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test TireF2870 Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test TireF2871 Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial Truck Standard Reference T
10、est TireF2872 Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire3. Significance and Use3.1 Tire testing operations usually consist of a sequence of tests that involve special “reference” tires in addition to the candidatetires being evaluated for their performa
11、nce characteristics. Reference tires serve as an “internal benchmark” which may be usedto adjust for variation in test results to give improved comparisons among the candidate tires. Numerous approaches have beenadopted using different terminology for such testing. This causes confusion and the purp
12、ose of this practice is to standardize someof the elementary concepts and terminology on this topic.4. Summary of the Practice4.1 Elementary testing concepts, terms, and definitions are developed in hierarchical or sequential order beginning with basictesting operations. Each definition may be accom
13、panied by a specific discussion or expanded text section appropriate to general1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee F09 on Tires and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.94 on Terminology.Current edition approved May 1, 2008June 1, 2014. Published June 2008September 201
14、4. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20012008 asF1806 97 (2001)(2008).1. DOI: 10.1520/F1806-97R08.10.1520/F1806-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvo
15、lume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possib
16、le to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
17、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1definitions. Many of the terms could be defined as adjectives; however, as recommended by ASTM policy, the word “tire” isincluded in each definition avoiding the complication of defining adjectives. The definitions apply equally to items or objects otherth
18、an tires.5. Basic Testing Concepts and Terms5.1 Background on Testing:5.1.1 Despite the adoption of standardized testing procedures, test result variation influences data generated in any type oftesting. As outlined in Annex A1, there are two main categories: 1 variation inherent in the production p
19、rocess for a group ofnominally identical objects or tires and 2 variation due to the measurement operation. Each of these two sources may be furtherdivided into two types of variation; 1 systematic or bias variation (the variation causing one laboratory to be consistently differentfrom another labor
20、atory) and 2 random error variation. Both types can exist simultaneously for either of the main categories.5.1.2 Random variation can be reduced to a low level by appropriate replication and sampling procedures, but bias variationcannot be so reduced. Bias variation can be reduced or eliminated by t
21、he appropriate use of reference objects or tires. This is themajor rationale for their use in testing operations (see Annex A1).5.1.3 Bias variation can also be reduced or eliminated by comprehensive programs to sort out causes of such perturbations andeliminate these causes.5.2 Elementary Testing T
22、erms:5.2.1 test (or testing), na procedure performed on an object (or set of nominally identical objects) using specified equipmentthat produces data unique to the object (or set).5.2.1.1 DiscussionTest data are used to evaluate or model selected properties or characteristics of the object (or set o
23、f objects).The scope of testing depends on the decisions to be made for any program, and sampling and replication plans (see definitionsbelow) need to be specified for a complete program description. F5385.2.2 test tire, na tire used in a test. F5385.2.3 test program, nan ordered series of tests gro
24、uped together using a predefined plan.5.2.3.1 DiscussionA test program may include multiple test repetitions over an extended time period. F5385.2.4 test tire set, none or more test tires as required by the test equipment or procedure, to perform a test, thereby producinga single test result.5.2.4.1
25、 DiscussionThe four nominally identical tires required for vehicle stopping distance testing constitute a test tire set. Inthe discussion below where the test tire is mentioned, it is assumed that test tire set may be substituted for test tire, if a test tireset is required for the testing.5.2.5 can
26、didate tire, na test tire that is part of a test program.5.2.5.1 DiscussionThe term “candidate object” may be used in the same sense as candidate tire.F5385.2.6 candidate tire seta set of candidate tires. F5385.3 Tire testing may be divided into two major categories:5.3.1 local testing, ntesting con
27、ducted at one laboratory or test site for the purpose of comparing a number of candidate tiresfor selected characteristic properties.5.3.1.1 DiscussionA tire manufacturers internal development programs and proving ground testing conducted by a contracttesting organization to compare commercial marke
28、t tires are two examples of local testing. F5385.3.2 global testing, ntesting conducted at two or more laboratories or test sites for the purpose of comparing candidate tireperformance at each location for selected characteristic properties.5.3.2.1 DiscussionProducer-user testing or interlaboratory
29、comparisons for such properties as rolling resistance, endurance,or high speed dynamometer wheel performance are examples of global testing. F5385.4 sample, na selected number of n test objects that accurately represent the lot or population of interest.5.4.1 DiscussionA lot is a finite number of ob
30、jects such as a limited period of tire production at a given facility or a selectednumber of tires of a particular commercial market type. A population is the collection (or potential collection) of all objectsproduced by a given process or operation. F5385.5 sampling, vthe act of selecting samples.
31、5.5.1 DiscussionThe primary purpose of sampling is the reduction of random production process variation. See AnnexA1 fordetails. F5385.6 replicate, neither (1) an individual test object from a sample of n objects or (2) one of m individual test values for a testobject.5.6.1 DiscussionEach test objec
32、t of a set of replicates is nominally identical to all other objects from that particular source.Nominally identical implies that in long run testing all objects would give essentially identical average test values. F5385.7 replication, vthe act of selecting and testing a number of replicates.5.7.1
33、DiscussionThe primary purpose of replication is the reduction of random measurement variation. See Annex A1(A1.3.6) for additional discussion on types of replication. F538F1806 1426. Reference Tire Concepts and Terms6.1 In this section a basic term, reference tire, is defined. A number of terms, eac
34、h describing a special type of reference tire,are derived from the basic term. Reference tires usually have special characteristics unique to a particular test program. However,for some testing programs the same reference tire may be used for more than one purpose.6.1.1 reference tire, na special ti
35、re included in a test program; the test results for this tire have significance as a base valueor internal benchmark. F5386.1.2 There are two types of reference tires or objects that may be used in any test program.6.1.2.1 Type 1 (reference tire), ntires subject to production, composition, and often
36、, performance specifications; they aredesigned to have minimal variation and to be stable in their characteristic properties for an extended period of time.6.1.2.2 Type 2 (reference tire), ntires appropriately selected from a lot by a process that ensures minimal variationcharacteristic properties f
37、or the duration of any test program.(1) DiscussionType 2 reference tires may be selected on an ad hoc basis and when the test program is complete they are nolonger considered as reference objects.6.1.3 DiscussionType 2 reference tires may be selected on an ad hoc basis and when the test program is c
38、omplete they areno longer considered as reference objects.6.1.3 control tire, na reference tire used in a specified manner throughout a test program.6.1.3.1 DiscussionAcontrol tire may be of either type and typical tire use is the reference (control) tire in Practice F1650 thatprovides algorithms fo
39、r correcting (adjusting) test data for bias trend variations (See Practice F1650 and Annex A1). F5386.1.4 surface monitoring tire, na reference tire used to evaluate changes in a test surface over a selected time period. F5386.1.5 standard reference test tire (SRTT), na tire that meets the requireme
40、nts of is used as a control tire or surface monitoringtire (for example, Specification E1136, F2493commonly, F2870used, F2871as control tire, and F2872 or a surface monitoringtire.tires).6.1.5.1 DiscussionThis is a Type 1 reference tire. F5386.1.6 witness tire, na reference tire with an extended per
41、iod of stability for specified characteristic properties.6.1.6.1 DiscussionA Type 1 reference tire is typical for this application.6.1.7 master set, na selected group of witness tires, each with different test response characteristics to provide a range ofvalues for the measured property or properti
42、es.6.1.7.1 DiscussionAmaster set is frequently tested to determine if a test device is functioning in a normal or intended manner.If certain known or expected relationships are not found among the witness tires constituting the set, remedial action is requiredfor the testing equipment. Master sets a
43、re frequently used for global testing. F5386.1.8 test matrix, na group of candidate tires usually with specified reference tires; all tests are normally conducted in one testprogram.6.1.8.1 DiscussionA test matrix may be used in either a local or global test program. See also candidate tire set.F538
44、6.1.9 calibration tire, na witness tire designed to provide a fixed or known test value for selected properties.6.1.9.1 DiscussionCalibration tire test results can be used as standard values to determine acceptability of laboratory or testsite performance. If a specified performance level is not fou
45、nd, certain instrument adjustments may be made to compensate forunavoidable biases in interlaboratory or between-site programs. F5387. Evaluating Testing Precision7.1 As indicated in Annex A1, there are two categories of variation: production process and measurement. Each of these mayin turn have tw
46、o subclassifications: basisbias deviations and random deviations. The potential effect of all these sources can exerta profound influence on the variability of test data. The presence of these sources is the rationale for using reference tires and fordesigning comprehensive testing programs with app
47、ropriate replication to reduce the effect of such variations.7.2 Evaluating PrecisionSpecial programs to evaluate the magnitude of variability for any routine or special test operationsare part of the effort to reduce variability and improve test precision. Committee F09 has agreed (in 2006) to use
48、the precisionstandard of Committee D11 (rubber testing), Practice D4483, for any precision evaluation programs. Precision is defined inPractice F1082D4483 as “a measurement (testing) concept that expresses the ability to generate test results that agree with eachother in absolute magnitude.” The par
49、enthetical word “testing” is added to this definition for this purposes of this practice toindicate that it is the overall testing process, which includes sampling and replication, that should be considered when discussingprecision.7.2.1 For local testing, this action usually consists of appropriate sampling and replication plans and the evaluation of“test-to-test” variation for candidate tires. With a “test-to-test” standard deviation (or variance) obtained under the appropriateconditions, decisions on statistical (and technic
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