1、Designation: F 1870 05Standard Guide forSelection of Fire Test Methods for the Assessment ofUpholstered Furnishings in Detention and CorrectionalFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1870; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response guide.1.2 This guide is intended to provide
3、 guidance for theselection of test methods that are applicable to determiningfire-test-response characteristics of upholstered furniture itemscontained within a detention cell.1.3 This guide is intended for use by those interested inassessing the fire properties of the upholstery products andtheir c
4、omponent materials or composites, within cells and otherareas (such as isolation lounges) of detention and correctionaloccupancies.1.4 This guide includes standard test methods promulgatedby ASTM, NFPA, Underwriters Laboratories, trade associa-tions and government agencies and other proposed test me
5、th-ods. It does not include industrial materials specification tests.The guide indicates some means by which modifications ofstandard test methods lead to potential achievement of certaintesting goals.1.5 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions associ-ated with this guide; see Practice E 380
6、. The units given inparentheses are for information only. Some individual stan-dards referenced use inch-pound units for referee decisions.1.6 This guide contains four types of test methods, namely:(1) generic small-scale methods, (2) specific applications ofsmall-scale test methods to particular pr
7、oducts or compositesof products, associated with upholstery items, (3) real-scale testmethods where actual upholstery products are exposed to heator flame, and (4) guides explaining the concepts involved withroom-scale testing.1.7 The main fire-test-response characteristics investigatedin this guide
8、 are: ignitability, ease of extinction, flame spread,heat release, smoke obscuration and toxic potency of smoke.1.8 This guide measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required
9、 for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these tests. This test methodmay involve
10、 hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
11、gulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatureof PlasticsD 2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum OxygenConcentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion ofPlastics (Oxygen I
12、ndex)D 3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI)
13、 (the Modernized Metric System)E 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and ProductsE 1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spr
14、ead PropertiesE 1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblies1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F33 on Detention andCorrectional Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F33.05 onFurnishings and Equipment.Current
15、 edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1870 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
16、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE 1354 Test Method for H
17、eat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE 1537 Test Method for Fire Tes
18、ting of Upholstered Fur-nitureE 1546 Guide for Development of Fire Hazard AssessmentStandardsE 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE 1678 Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisF 1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristics
19、 of Cushioning Materials AfterWater LeachingF 1550 Test Method for Determination of Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Components or Composites ofMattresses or Furniture for Use in Correctional Facilitiesafter Exposure to Vandalism, by Employing a Bench ScaleOxygen Consumption Calorimeter2.2 Inte
20、rnational Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:3ISO Guide 52 Glossary of Fire Terms and DefinitionsISO 3261 Fire TestsVocabularyISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile Prod-uctsVocabularyISO 5659-2 Determination of Specific Optical Density by aSingle-Chamber TestISO 9705 Full S
21、cale Room Fire Test for Surface Products2.3 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Stan-dards:4NFPA 101 National Life Safety CodeNFPA 258 Recommended Practice for Determining SmokeGeneration of Solid MaterialsNFPA 260 Methods of Test and Classification System forCigarette Ignition Resistance of
22、 Components of Uphol-stered FurnitureNFPA 261 Method of Test for Determining Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies toIgnition by Smoldering CigarettesNFPA 265 Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room FireGrowth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringsNFPA 269 Test Method for
23、Developing Toxic Potency Datafor Use in Fire Hazard ModelingNFPA 271 Method of Test for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxy-gen Consumption CalorimeterNFPA 272 Method of Test for Heat Release Rates forUpholstered Furniture Components or Composites andMattresse
24、s Using an Oxygen Consumption CalorimeterNFPA 701 Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation ofTextiles and Films2.4 California Standards:5California Technical Bulletin 116 (CA TB 116) (January1980), “Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus forTesting the Flame Retardance of Upholstered Furnitur
25、e”California Technical Bulletin 117 (CA TB 117) (January1980), “Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus forTesting the Flame Retardance of Resilient Filling Materi-als Used in Upholstered Furniture”California Technical Bulletin 121 (CA TB 121) (April1980), Flammability Test Procedure for Mattress
26、es forUse in Public OccupanciesCalifornia Technical Bulletin 129 (CA TB 129) (October1992), Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses forUse in Public BuildingsCalifornia Technical Bulletin 133 (CA TB 133) (January1991), Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Furniturefor Use in Public Occupancies
27、2.5 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Stan-dards:6CFR Part 1610 Standard for the Flammability of ClothingTextiles (General Wearing Apparel)CFR Part 1632 Standard for the Flammability of Mattressesand Mattress Pads (formerly DOC FF4-72, 40 FR 59940)2.6 Federal Standards:7Americans with Disabi
28、lities ActFED STD 191A Textile Test Method 5830 (July 20, 1978)2.7 Model Building Codes:National Building Code8Standard Building Code9Uniform Building Code103. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fire issues refer to the terminology contained inTermino
29、logy E 176, ISO Guide 52 and ISO 3261. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E 176 shallprevail. For definitions of terms used in this guide andassociated with textile issues refer to the terminology containedin Terminology D 123 and ISO 4880. In case of conflict, thedefinitions g
30、iven in Terminology D 123 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fire hazard, npotential for harm associated with fire.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available fro
31、m National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.5Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insula-tion, State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 Orange GroveAvenue, North Highlands, CA, 95660-5595.6Available from US Con
32、sumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC,20207.7Available from General Services Administration, Specifications Activity,Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant, Washing-ton, DC, 20407.8Available from Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc.,4
33、051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL, 60478-5795.9Available from Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc., 900Montclair Road, Birmingham, AL, 35213-1206.10Available from International Conference of Building Officials, Inc., 5360Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA, 90601.F18700523.2
34、.1.1 DiscussionA fire may pose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards areassociated with the environment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assem-blies including but not limited to ease of ignition, flame spread,rate
35、of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicityof combustion products and ease of extinguishment.3.2.2 fire performance, nresponse of a material, product,or assembly in a specific fire, other than in a fire test involvingcontrolled conditions (different from fire-test-response charac-ter
36、istic, q.v.).3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe ASTM policy on fire standardsdistinguishes between the response of materials, products orassemblies to heat and flame, “under controlled conditions,”which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under actual fireconditions,” which is fire performance. Fire perfo
37、rmancedepends on the occasion or environment and may not bemeasurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests,appropriately recognized as representing end-use conditions, isgenerally used as a predictor of the fire performance of amateria
38、l, product, or assembly.3.2.3 fire scenario, ndetailed description of conditions,including environmental, of one or more of the stages frombefore ignition to the completion of combustion in an actualfire at a specific location, or in a full-scale simulation.3.2.4 fire-test-response characteristic, n
39、response charac-teristic of a material, product, or assembly, to a prescribedsource of heat or flame, under controlled fire conditions; suchresponse characteristics may include but are not limited to easeof ignition, flame spread, heat release, mass loss, smokegeneration, fire endurance, and toxic p
40、otency of smoke.3.2.4.1 DiscussionA fire-test-response characteristic canbe influenced by variables of exposure such as ignitionintensity, ventilation, geometry of item or enclosure, humidity,or oxygen concentration. It is not an intrinsic property such asspecific heat, thermal conductivity, or heat
41、 of combustion,where the value is independent of test variables. A fire-test-response characteristic may be described in one of severalterms. Smoke generation, for example, may be described assmoke opacity, change of opacity with time, or smoke weight.No quantitative correlation need exist between v
42、alues of aresponse characteristic for two or more materials, products, orassemblies, as measured by two or more approaches, or testedunder two or more sets of conditions for a given method.3.2.5 flashover, nrapid transition to a state of total surfaceinvolvement in a fire of combustible materials wi
43、thin anenclosure.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFlashover occurs when the surfacetemperatures of combustible contents rise, producing pyrolysisgases, and the room heat flux becomes sufficient to heat allsuch gases to their ignition temperatures. This commonlyoccurs when the upper layer temperature reaches 600C o
44、r aradiant heat flux at the floor of at least 20 kW/m2.3.2.6 heat release rate, ncalorific energy released per unittime by the combustion of a material under specified testconditions.3.2.7 smoke, nairborne solid and liquid particulates andgases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis and com-bus
45、tion.3.2.8 smoke toxicity, npropensity of smoke to produceadverse biochemical or physiological effects.3.2.9 toxic potency (as applied to inhalation of smoke or itscomponent gases), nquantitative expression relating concen-tration and exposure time to a particular degree of adversephysiological resp
46、onse, for example, death, on exposure ofhumans or animals.3.2.9.1 DiscussionThe toxic potency of the smoke fromany material, product, or assembly is related to the compositionof that smoke which, in turn, is dependent upon the conditionsunder which the smoke is generated.3.2.10 upholstered furniture
47、, nunit of interior furnishingthat (1) contains any surface that is covered, in whole or in part,with a fabric or other upholstery cover material, (2) containsupholstery padding or filling materials, and (3) is intended forsitting or reclining upon.3.2.11 upholstery cover fabric, noutermost layer of
48、 fabricor other material used to enclose the main support system orupholstery padding, or both, used in the furniture item.3.2.12 upholstery padding, npadding, stuffing, or fillingmaterials used in a furniture item, which may be either loose orattached, enclosed by an upholstery fabric, or located b
49、etweenthe upholstery fabric and support system, if present.3.2.12.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,materials such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill,bonded cellulose or down.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The test methods identified in this guide can be subdi-vided in four groups, namely: (1) generic small-scale methods;(2) specific applications of small-scale test methods applied toparticular products or composites of products, associated withupholstery items; (3) real-scale test methods where actualupholstery products (or full-scale mock-ups)
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